Физическая культура и спорт/1. Физическая
культура и спорт: проблемы, исследования, предложения
Kozin V.V.
The Siberian State University of Physical Culture and Sports, Russia
SIMULATION OF COMPETITIVE ACTIVITY
BASKETBALL PLAYERS
Introduction
In constructing the training process
modeling of different basketball situations counteractions rivals allows us to
study and improve the technique of players in a typical game situations [4].
This approach to training provides an organic relationship between primary education
and higher athletic skill.
Unstructured use of situational
method in the training of athletes during team sports due to the fact that
physicalism interprets the motor action as a set of physical processes and
brings knowledge of sports equipment for biomechanical parameters [2,5,7]. In
this type of biomechanical models are not sufficiently take into account the
unique properties of the inner world of an athlete – subjectivity, meaning,
intentionality of movements as it eliminated [1,3,6,8]. In order to solve this
problem, you must integrate the biomechanical principles of movement and an
idealized representation of the target, as informed to anticipate the result, in
one system.
Method
As a method of monitoring the
activities of a competitive basketball team was selected video digital camera.
Observations were carried out on the traditional international tournament in
memory of honored coach of Russia V.N. Promin, held in the city of Omsk.
Analysis was performed in 1025 video episodes of attacks.
Video recording was carried out with
one point located at a height of 5 meters and at a distance of 8 meters from the
court, which allowed to cover it completely. Measure the distance between the
defender and offensive players, and throw distance run was carried out using a
transparent grid, which was fixed on the screen. The grid had ameasuring scale,
corresponding to the size of a basketball court. During the registration
process of competitive activities focus camera moved in two directions, which
allowed to monitor the attacks on different sides of the court.
Results
Simulation of competitive activity allows
you to develop and learn at a different structure and complexity in the
training process of the athletes. However, due to variability and diversity of
the latter, due to specific basketball simulation question of the athletes are so
far poorly developed.
In view of this, an attempt of
modeling an important component of competitive activity – counteraction sportsman.
The complexity of research in this
area is caused by a variety of game situations, the characteristics of which
are often unable to organize. An important condition for simulation of action
is information that describes the basic process phenomena are investigated with
regard to their relations and reciprocal influences. This information is used
to determine the characteristics of the process that you want to receive as a
result of the simulation. In view of this, in terms of information processed by
athletes in the process of technical and tactical work, simulation is an
imitation of elementary situations and basic techniques that make the gameplay,
while retaining the structure of the interaction between them.
Do not forget about the relations
expressing the relationship between game conditions and parameters of activity.
In this case we are talking about models, deterministic and probabilistic nature.
Given that the activity is carried
out according to the athlete of incoming information, then the consideration of
these relations is necessary to select the initial conditions. This is a case
of so-called deterministic models.
With the help of the mentioned
relations we can determine the probability distribution of a certain game
situations, if the initial conditions, the parameters of the technical and
tactical actions and input information. In this case we are dealing with probabilistic
(stochastic) model.
If the system is quite complicated,
the model development, researchers are forced to impose severe restrictions,
and to resort to simplifications. Thus it is necessary to neglect some of the
features of the conditions of competitive activity, making the proposed model
is, strictly speaking, no longer meet its primary purpose – to be considered a
means of studying complex systems. But despite this, the construction of such a
model provides a rough though, but a simple and easy solution to foreseeable technical
and tactical problems. It is usually expressed in the indicative action to
obtain more exact solutions of the game problems in the process of
confrontation between the players.
In view of this model for
counteractions sportsman in the implementation of the attack should also include
additional components – the generic and specific characteristics of the model
of the counteractions athletes. These features allow you to create a variety of
content models counteractions rivals and attacking their base to improve their
performance.
The results of our research show
that it is in the first few minutes of each period is the main part of the surge
defense with active resistance, with a basketball has a low efficiency. Furthermore,
with decreasing activity of the defensive action increases the number of shots,
which is especially noticeable in the third quarter. High activity of defensive
action is manifested in the first and last 3-4 minutes of each quarter, the average
activity is observed mainly in the middle of each quarter and the low activity
of the defensive action is practically not observed.
In the competitive activities of
players noted the high activity of protective actions for nearly the entire
game, except in the middle of each quarter. This can be explained by the fact
that at the beginning of each quarter of the players are very mobilized, in
order to bring down the pace of the game and not let the opponent feel
confident in the implementation of attacking moves. At the end of each quarter
of the defending team's players are trying to prevent the successful completion
of a break before the attacks of his rival. This is especially true of the
fourth quarter, which is often the last minutes and seconds are crucial and
determine the final outcome of the game. In the middle of each quarter of the
players contending team adapted to the offensive and defensive actions to each
other and begin to play with more improvisation, focusing on a variety of
attacking action and better use of space behind the defender of the game (Table
1).
Table 1
The effectiveness of attacking moves
forward with the use of play space for the defender (х±m%)
|
The distance from
the defender to the basket |
Number
of shots |
Effectiveness |
The use of play space
for the defender during the attack |
|
<
3 м |
34±1 |
46±1 |
2±1 |
|
3
м - 6,25м |
45±1 |
43±1 |
9±1 |
|
>
6,25 м |
21±1 |
33±1 |
12±1 |
Identify the characteristics of
other model results allowed to determine the importance of ability to use defensive
skills, particularly when approaching the offensive player and his press, and
the use of tactical interactions to prevent attacks. This allows the defenders
of "hedging" to each other by "switching" to protect, and
apply group steals (Table 2).
Table 2
Frequency of use of tactical
interactions defenders in progress of attacking moves in the throws of ball (х±m%)
|
Tactical
interactions
defenders |
Number
of attacks |
|
Individual
defense |
83±1 |
|
Group
steals |
7±1 |
|
Insurance
is another defender |
25±1 |
It should be noted that the
attacking players often carry rolls up to the defender with 1 to 2 meters. Low effectiveness
of distance shots was featured players on the distance between offensive and
defender players to 1 meter. Further, as the distance between the players,
there is increased efficiency and the number of throws. In this case, the
basketball team after receiving ball or throw immediately, without waiting for
the approximation of the defenders, or used game space for their dribble.
Reducing the number of shots between players at a distance from 2 meters or
more due to heavy care counsel and high level of defensive actions. A
significant reduction in the effectiveness and the number of shots found in the
far distance the distance between the players up to 1 meter.
Thus, the results revealed the
following typical situation of defense (model) in which a decrease in performance
basketball shots:
- The use of heavy defender at a
distance of 1 meter from the attacking player;
- Distance (up to 3 m) from the
defender that applies a tight defense in relation to the attacking player to
the basket;
- Increase the distance throws in a
dense defense.
Accordingly, the players in the
training process are useful situational exercises to overcome the resistance of
defenders (one, two, three defenders). It is pertinent to the use of training
and friendly games with the simulation revealed tactical interactions.
With the integration of models of
attack and defense in a single programming system directed gaming activities
can create situations counteractions sportsman to improve the efficiency of
attacking moves. This system can have a different character, based on the
direction of models:
- offensive (attacking with a
predominance of the model over the defense). In this case, the attacking
players master the possible situations dribble defense, which induces a variety
of attackers searching for new ways to attack;
- defense (with prevalence of
attacking defensive model). As a result, players learn the attackers, along with
the peculiarities of defense action opponents, techniques and methods that do
not allow to carry out the steal, and block the ball;
- offensive and defensive (no
dominance one model over another.)The modeling of the opponents, attacking and
defender requested to act on the basis of creativity, individual perception of
game situations.
Discussion
By the character the technical side
of the reproducible offensive and defenders in basketball it is advisable use
structural models, since they take into account not only the behavior of
athletes, but also the material basis, as expressed in the structure of the
movements and techniques, which manifest themselves while counteractions
sportsmen’s. Thus, the model gets real mathematical basis, which allows you to
simulate competitive conditions in the training sessions and teach basketball
players to overcome the opposition of attacking defenders.
In the present research the modeling
process aimed at solving particular questions associated with the improvement
of techniques attack actions to improve performance throws the ball. However,
it should be noted that the variety of game the face of counteractions
sportsman can solve complex problems and the technical and tactical character
as forward and defensive plans.
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