Korabaeva Nazgul Beysenbekovna, magister

Zhetysu State University named after I. Zhansugurov, Taldykorgan, Republic of Kazakhstan

The ecology-economic development as the problem of nature management

Economic growth is dictated by demands of quickly increasing nations in the World, in circumstances, where modern resource overloaded technologies lead to shifting of its statement and damage biosphere nonrenewably. Frequent natural disasters, increasing number of techno-genetic accidents and disasters with total range of victims and growing material losses are accompanied by the severe exploitation of natural resources and unprecedented concerning own scopes of pollution of environment.

The future of humanity, which has become the main geological factor of all the changes taking place in the world depends on the awareness of alternatives: either the inevitable death – with keeping of the dominant techno-sphere concept of social development, or awareness of human dependence on the biosphere, to determine its place in it, and as a result - a shift in focus and public priorities in favor of the concept of the biosphere development concept.

At the center of any economic development there are three factors of economic growth: human resources, artificial means of production, natural resources. Recently, the ecological factor has become increasingly limit economic development. Current ecological problems in the particular extent are consequences of economic thought weakness.

Neither the classics of economics Adam Smith and David Ricardo, and the subsequent economic schools and scholars, including Karl Marx, D.Keyns, A. Marshall, did not take into the consideration ecological constraints in economic development.

And only 70 years of XX century, sharply aggravated the environmental problems, have set the task of trend understanding of environmental-economic development and the development of fundamentally new development concepts in front of economic science.

The modern type of environmental- economic development of the economy can be defined as a man-made type of economic development . This is nature-capacious (nature-destroying ) type of development , based on the use of artificial means of production, created without environmental constraints. Characteristic features of man-made type of development are the fast depleting use and of non-renewable natural resources (especially minerals) and the over-exploitation of renewable resources (soil, forest , etc. ) at a rate exceeding the capabilities of their reproduction and restoration .

In this case considerable economic damage caused which is the valuation of natural resource degradation and pollution of the environment from human activity.

Man-made type of economic development is characterized by minor externalities or spillovers. In their nature use may be described as the negative environmental and economic impacts of the economic activity that is not taken into account by the subjects of these activities. There are various models of man-made type of development . At present, this area has a large number of concepts and theories. From the standpoint of environmental and economic policy there are two generic models: the front economy and the concept of environmental protection.

Within the concept of environmental protection some countries have made specific environmental stabilization but a qualitative improvement has not been occurred. This is largely due to the fact that the general ideology of the concept of ecological and economic development has not been changed in comparison with the concept of the front economy. At the heart of everything are put the interests of the economy, the maximum production capacity , the widespread use of scientific and technological progress in order to meet the needs of the people . Under these conditions environmental activities, the costs of protecting the environment are represented as being opposed to economic growth. However, the consideration of environmental factors is considered necessary, although constraining economic development. The concept of environmental protection as well as the concept of front economy based on anthropocentric approach. The need of environmental protection is based on the notion that the degradation of the environment harms to the person and holds back economic development. However, the actual resolution of the conflict between economy and nature within the framework of this concept is not possible, as evidenced by the precipitous rise of environmental problems in the world 1 .

The traditional model of economic growth in the industrialized countries is largely exhausted itself and can not be offered to other countries as a model. This idea goes in the UN documents, many of the speeches at international conferences. They, in particular, notes that the Western model of development is no longer suitable for anyone, and the only way to address the global challenges of today – it is sustainable development. The current development model and the corresponding character of production and consumption are not sustainable for the rich countries and can not be repeated by poor ones. This is evidenced by at least the fact that the consumption of natural resources and the amount of pollution per capita in developed countries exceed those found in developing countries in 20-30 times. To achieve by all countries the level of development and consumption of the advanced countries would need to increase the use of natural resources and the amount of pollution still dozens of times, it is not possible because of the limited natural resources and environmental constraints.

The problem of interaction between nature and society became crucial at this stage and maintain the ecological balance of nature and economic development are interrelated, since the polluting the environment and depleting natural resources, it is impossible to ensure sustainable economic development. The idea of sustainable development, which arose as a result of awareness of the international community the limited natural resources and the looming global ecological catastrophe makes us look for ways out of the crisis.

Formation of an integrated and harmonious system of nature, which would contribute to a healthier environment and sustainable development of the economy, is a major problem in the world. To overcome the acute contradictions in the relations between society and nature an unconventional way of thinking is required, the transition to cleaner the production and the economy 2.

In order to ensure sustainable economic and social development and environmental protection at the national and regional levels, deepen market reforms and taking into account transition period the priority is using of economic instruments for the efficient sustainable use of natural resources, biodiversity, environmental safety, environmental protection and ecological component of public health. Based on an assessment of existing economic instruments should be taken steps to improve their effectiveness and harmonization, as well as to develop special economic instruments. Based on the expertise and global experience in implementing economic instruments, they are an important means of environmental policy.

The country has applied certain part of a wide range of well-known economic mechanisms - fees and taxes of selling licenses, permits and quotas, deposit-refund systems, penalties and payments for non-normative - legal requirements, payment of compensation for environmental damage, environmental insurance, etc. In addition, certain features of the application such economic instruments as the environmental bonds, grants and benefits provided for the protection of the environment (grants, soft loans, tax breaks, etc.), payments for non-environmental products as well as the creation of environmental funds .

Environmental pollution in most cases causes an increase in costs (capital or operating or both at the same time), needed for reproduction (reduction) of the product that is lost or can not be made as a result of pollution. In other words, the costs increase which necessary to carry out activities to improve the health of water bodies, fish reproduction, land, crop production, etc.

The size of the expenditure required to implement the activities for the reproduction of lost production due to pollution, depending on the level of contamination and the extent necessary to reduce it dictated by consumers of different categories.

Under the pollution damage should be understood losses in the economy of labor and material costs associated with the liquidation of the consequences of pollution sources, and the improvement of social and living conditions of the population. As can be seen from the definition of the damage, it must be evaluated from both the economic and the social and environmental aspects.

In the current economic and environmental conditions, the only way to avoid an environmental catastrophe is a serious revision of the course of economic development in the interests of the environment, i.e. greening the economy.

Implementation of the adjustment requires the development of new environmental and economic policies, the aim of which should be the creation of a new system of economic management of natural resources, providing no-flawed nature of the use of natural resources, based on the environmental constraints nature management, creating the conditions for a gradual transition from the present, destabilized state to the regulatory environment.

The most important element of the economic mechanism of environmental management are payments for different types of environmentally adverse impacts, and the use of natural resources. The prospect is to increase these payments to a level corresponding to the valuation of various types of natural resources and damage from environmentally adverse impacts.

One of the main areas to ensure the effective use of economic mechanisms for the rational use of natural resources is to improve the system of limiting nature management, which should ensure a reduction in the negative environmental impact of economic activities to a level corresponding to the assimilative capacity of the environment.

Economic recovery in the course of the reform will increase the degree of satisfaction of material needs of society and create conditions for the mainstreaming of environmental needs, without which transition to sustainable development is impossible. Most of the regions experiencing economic depression will have an opportunity to stabilize and subsequently improve the socio-economic environment on account of reforming the tax system, exempting the burden of unreasonable taxes.

At the initial stage of the reform of the system of payments for emissions (emissions) and the placing of pollutants into the environment it makes sense to focus on the following key areas:

· gradual increase in payment rates (discharges) of pollutants and waste disposal, allowing them closer to economic levels, which ensures a dynamic reduction of environmental pollution;

· optimization of the list of pollutants and impacts, for which the charge may be levied;

· testing and introduction of elements of trade licenses for placement in

the environment of pollutants.

An important element of the financial and economic mechanisms of environmental management is to ensure the financing of reproduction of natural resources.

Along with the reform of natural resources should pay the additional features incentives to reduce adverse environmental impacts through appropriate economic instruments. These include the introduction of taxes on the production of environmentally harmful products, including some types of packaging, fertilizers, automotive batteries, fuel and other goods. Effective stimulation can be re-used products, and its recycling.

It is expedient the introduction of "accelerated" deductions for depreciation of environmental protection equipment, which will increase the possibility of financing the equipment of enterprises with more advanced technology.

Prospective is the development of mechanisms of environmental insurance, which will allow insurance companies to accumulate in significant financial resources to overcome the technological effects of technological accidents. For the development of environmental insurance is important to involve environmental funds. It is also possible the development of concessional financing of environmental activities in the form of subsidies to the difference between the discount rate and the rate of commercial bank 2.

After the signing of the Decree by the President of Kazakhstan "On the Concept of Transition of Kazakhstan to Sustainable Development for 2007-2024", National Council of Women held a conference on "Environmental sustainability and the health of generations’. As a result of the announced tender on social projects of Almaty City Akimat, National Council of Women won the right to study this vital topic. The concept of "sustainable long-term development" weighty sounded at the Conference on Environment and Development in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro, which adopted the program "Agenda for the Twenty-first Century", approved by 179 States3. The program reflects a global consensus and acceptance at the highest level of political commitment on development cooperation and the environment. Responsibility for its successful implementation is, above all, the government and the Ministry of the Environment 2

The country's economy is growing at a rapid pace. Unfortunately, this is related to the increase of anthropogenic pressure, emissions and discharges. Major oil and gas companies, coal mining, energy complex, which are the major pollutants should be encouraged to carry out activities for the reduction of emissions and discharges of pollutants associated gas utilization. Industry works like a huge waste treatment plant. In the case goes every kilogram of slag, filter dust gas treatment, sewage and even those returned to production, that nothing be lost.

The entry into force of the concept allows for a fresh look at the goals and tasks of our ministry. The document, which was developed by the Ministry of Environment as a working member of the Council for Sustainable Development defines the protection of the environment as an important issue to improve the quality of life of the population. The stated by the President goal of becoming Kazakhstan into the 50 most competitive and developed world countries finds its embodiment and specification in the concept. 2006 can be called the preparatory and at the same time rewarding. 2007 is the embodiment of the concept of sustainable development. It sets specific quantitative indicators to be achieved in stages - to 2009, 2012, 2018 and 2024 years. Already by 2009, according to the concept we need to improve the environmental sustainability index from the current 63 to 68 points. This requires real steps to reduce human impact on the environment, reduce air pollution in large cities, improve the efficiency of government bodies at all levels, and expand our cooperation with the international community on environmental issues.

The main task for the environmental safety is to create conditions for continuous improvement of the environment, and improving environmental protection and sustainability throughout the country. The basis for this should be indicative planning, identifying specific tasks and quantitative indicators for each region, providing environmental priorities.

For working with natural resource users first need to create clear, understandable, transparent conditions. Simply put, you need to go to a single environmental space with Europe and other developed countries. For example, environmental requirements for the operation of enterprises in Germany and Kazakhstan may be different due to different environmental conditions, but should be one and the same model is to establish such requirements. In this respect, we can mention the development of the draft Environmental Code.

Code introduces the practice of many new innovations. We are moving to international terminology: we use the term "emission", "self-monitoring". An opportunity to develop targets for environmental quality appears, which will play the role of regional and environmental standards. They will be achieved gradually as technological renovation of industry, the implementation of environmental programs. Changes in environmental-economic mechanism are coming. With the ratification of the Kyoto Protocol will be used a mechanism to reduce greenhouse gas emissions provided in the code 4.

We do not make progress in environmental management, if there is a unified automated information system of the Ministry, which would link the central office and regional offices. That is what should be the focus of the efforts in implementing new information technologies. Without science, without innovation is not possible to solve the problems of modern ecology.

Reference:

1. E.V.Girusov. Ecology and environmental economics. – М., 2008.

2. N.K.Mamyrov, M.S.Tonkopi, Е.М. Upushev. Economics of Nature Management. Manual. Moscow «Finance and Statistic», Almaty «Economy», 2003.

3. N.Todorova. And the state of mind depends on the environment // Kazakhstanskaya Pravda from 21.11.2006.

4. At the rate of resistance to the quality of life // Kazakhstanskaya Pravda from 29.12.2006.