Kylyshpayeva Bibigul Hamitovna, magister
Zhetysu State University named after I. Zhansugurov,
Taldykorgan Republic of Kazakhstan
Socio-economic aspects of tourism
business in Kazakhstan
In the current requirements tourism
has social significance as an economical phenomenon, influencing in a plenty of
countries’ economy dramatically. Being a profitable and high-yield branch, tourism
contributes GDP formation, activation of external trade balance, founding of
additional workplaces and providing employment for nation. Also tourism stimulates
such key economy sectors as transportation and communication, constructing,
agriculture, production of fast moving customer goods and others, id.est
appears as specific accelerator of socio-economic development. In turn, development
of tourism is affected by various factors: demographic, natural-geographic,
socio-economic, historical, religious, political and legal.
Tourism is one of the sectors
of the economy, which quickly responded to the ongoing reformist processes and
appeared to be more sensitive to economic changes, which predicts the formation
of the tourism market, the occurring of new private tourist firms, which is
alternative for government institutions. Including this, the process of tourist
market monopolization is being planned, because the process of production
concentration has led to the creation of big companies that have an impact on
the development of tourism business1.
Kazakhstan seeks to
arrangement of new tourism product. For this purpose, to enhance the
functioning of this sector is necessary to determine the most optimal
trajectory in the term of Kazakhstan tourist business development and the
forces of the market embodying.
Interest of entrepreneurs in
tourism is explained by the following factors: the tourist industry does not
require an enormous investment, and in this area quite successfully interact
vast, medium and small firms, which led to quickly capital transactions;
opportunities in the field of international tourism to obtain benefit at the
expense of foreign exchange transactions, solving important social issues as
the provision of recreation and the health promotion of citizens. One of the
seven clusters, which define the long-term specialization of the economy in the
non-oil and gas sectors is tourism, which will contribute to the foundation of
a modern infrastructure and the development of the country regions.
To improve the efficiency of tourist
activities requires a professional service, based on requests from consumers of
tourism services, organization of production and implementation of tourism
commodity , well knowledge of international legal norms and regulations,
practices of tourism management and marketing,
tourism market statement.
Tourism is one of the leading
and the most dynamic sectors of the world economy. For the rapid growth it is
recognized as an economic phenomenon of the century. In many countries, tourism
has a crucial role in the socio-economic development, as it is one of the most
steadily growing sectors of the economy and one of the high-yield sectors of
international trade of services. Under the effectiveness of investments tourist
industry is comparable to the oil industry. Having 12% of the world gross
product, almost 8% of global investment, also every sixteenth workplace. In some countries, these figures are quite high.
The significance of the
expansion and development of tourism is being strengthening by the pros, which
the industry has over other export sectors and the possession of different
features, at the same time fulfilling the economic, social, political,
humanitarian and other functions. Ultimately, the tourism business is not linked
with the export of non-renewable resources, the development of active tourism
seeks to an influx of foreign currencies. It is observed rapid turnover of
investment and what is especially important, that tourism supports to the
development of related industries.
The development of the tourism
business is affected by several factors such as: demographic, natural-geographic,
socio-economic, historical, religious, political and legal.
According to the experts of
the World Tourism Organization, the global tourism industry is entering a
period of steadily increasing travel and tours volume, the expanding
competition among the regions and countries of residence. Under the World Tourism
Organization the complex service of a tourist is equivalent to arrangement of
nine new workplaces in the next 10 years, tourism will remain the largest
source of new workplaces.
Tourism Economics is the
science, which studies the internal aspects of economic relations in this
sphere, moreover economic relations are considered on two levels: the
interbranch complex of social infrastructure and the main subject of tourist
firm.
International Tourism entrepreneurship
has become a vital source of currencies receipts of many developed and
developing countries. For instance, the specific gravity of income from foreign tourism in the
total sum from goods exports and services is representing such figures: in
Spain - 18.3%, Austria - 11.8%, Greece - 33.6%, Portugal - 14.9%, Cyprus - 53%.
In the most developing countries, the share of foreign tourism is about 10-15%
of the revenues from the goods exports and services (India, Egypt, Peru,
Paraguay, Costa Rica).
The market of tourist services
is directly involved in the formation of the national income. The share of
revenue from tourism in the national income has the following indexes: in
Germany - 4.6%, Switzerland - 10%. The total contribution of tourism business
to the country economy includes both direct and indirect contribution 2.
The economic effect from the
development of tourism market in the country is primarily manifested by
initiation of additional workplaces in the tourism industry and by stimulation
the development of the economically weak regions, where the improving of the tourism
business, based on the using of the unique topography, rich hunting grounds, convenient
places for sports and recreational tourism supports to the socio-economic development
of the aforesaid.
The basic features of
the improving of the tourism business are:
- Constant growth of international tourism activity indexes;
- The impact of the economic and political situation in the world for
effective tourism development of various countries (regions);
-socio-demographic changes, electronic information and communication
systems;
- polarization of tourist operators activity, who deal with global as
well as medium and small businesses;
- One of the most popular regions of stay, apparently, will be the South
and South-East Asia. Inside the boundaries of this influx the significance of
tourism services external market in
Kazakhstan as the center of transit services for tourists from Europe and
America.
In the economic aspect the
tourism services market establishing is characterized by the positive impact on
the payments balance and the total exports of the country, the employment and infrastructure
growing and related sectors of economy and in the social aspect promotes full
and comprehensive updating of the internal forces and human resources spent on
producing and in everyday life, recovering of forces and capabilities of person,
id est. formation of psycho-physiological resources of the whole society.
Referring to the researches we
see that, for the effective business development in the Kazakhstan tourism, the
particular work relating to the cluster initiative implementation was done. Strategically
important regions for the development of tourist business were defined, the
most suitable for building of its infrastructure facilities that meet
international standards, which have a direct impact on the development of rural
areas. In the regions emphasized as competitive in the international tourism
market, regional tourism
development and development
of agriculture and rural territory programs were adopted.
Socio-economic factors
arrangement of the tourism clusters in Kazakhstan is resulted the growth of
wealth, the availability of free time, the development of infrastructure, staffing,
economy development . Currently, the average cost of recreation in the family
budget of Kazakh citizens is about 7% of total expenditure, while in the USA
(42.4%) consumer spending, England (32.7%), Sweden (32 1%).
Establishing of tourism clusters
will impact on the level of regions economic development and will help to solve
the following problems in the socio-economic development of the territory:
- To improve the
infrastructure of the region, to develop public utilities and the scope of public
services;
- to increase revenue to the additional revenue budget that can be made
to further socio-economic development of the region;
- To create new workplaces and reduce unemployment;
- To provide financing of environmental issues and improve the
ecological situation in the region;
- To increase the demand for goods of local producers, id est. promotes
the development of local industry.
It is necessary to keep in
mind that the foundation and development of tourism clusters may affect the
deterioration of the overall situation in the region: environmental, economic,
cultural. Choosing a site for the formation and development of the tourism
cluster we should carefully analyze the consequences of all the positive and
negative impacts of its expansion and to foresee countermeasures to eliminate
or reduce the effects of negative influences.
The tourism potential of
Kazakhstan is well positioned for the development of almost all types of
tourism: cultural, adventure, educational, sport, environmental, as well as
specialized tours on interests (scientific, religious, ornithological, etc.).
Kazakhstan has particular prospects in the development of the tourism business.
A significant role is being providing to support its development through the
coordinated mechanism of planning, management, coordination and control.
Thus, the development of
socio-economic aspects of the tourism business in the Republic of Kazakhstan
shows that tourism is one of the leading businesses in many countries around
the world, haves a crucial role in the socio-economic development, as it is a
steadily growing sector of the economy and one of the branches of the
international high-trade in services, which include the activities of tourism
enterprises concerning complex provision of tourist services and selling
tourist goods, to meet human needs that arise during the period of travelling.
Socio-economic importance of the
tourism business is appointed by modern tourism, in general, has three positive
effects on the economy of the state:
- Firstly, the inflow of foreign exchange, and has a positive impact on
economic indicators such as balance of payments and the total exports;
- Secondly, helps to increase employment;
- Thirdly, promotes the development of infrastructure in the country, as
the establishment and operation of businesses in tourism is closely linked to
the road transport, commercial, municipal, cultural, health care development.
One of the economic priorities of the Republic is the creation of a
strong, competitive world-class tourist cluster, which requires the holding of
cluster analysis, the forecast of its development and selection of an effective
development strategy, also a system consisting of a number of information units
of multi-purpose resource. We need to develop indicators of the competitiveness
of the tourism cluster and arrange effective monitoring of its competitive
advantages. Cluster development aimed to the development of travelling tourism
and using of the republic potential opportunities, will enhance the competitiveness
of the national economy.
Effective tourism development is not possible without government
regulation, coordination and control of the agencies responsible for its
development. This necessitates the development and implementation of tourism
policy, which is government activity referring to development of tourist
business environment, subjects of the tourism market, improving the forms of
tourism services, and strengthening on of its political, economic and social
potential.
The combination of management efforts and tourism business and
enhance of its legal are crucial criteria for the development of modern
competitive tourism industry in Kazakhstan. As result, we can specify economic
and social results and provide its effective mutual interaction in the process
of using. The overall economic efficiency of the tourism potential can be
described by using key indicators such as - the upward quantity of tourists and
tourism GDP of the country.
As indicators of the
tourism potential can be selected revenue growth of tourist facilities and the
economic effect of efforts to management enhance in the field of tourism.
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