Gajiev Farruh Allahverdievich, magister
Zhetysu State University named after I. Zhansugurov,
Taldykorgan, Republic of Kazakhstan
Shortly
about planning, controlling and accounting of financial risks in commercial
organizations
In
market economy, the state does not bear responsibility according to obligations
of the enterprises; therefore, consequences of risk lay down on shoulders of
the enterprise. Experience shows, what
even the most careful forecasting is not able to exclude uncertainty of the
market completely. In addition,
uncertainty and accident, there as it is known and possibility of risk.
Seeking
to stabilize an economic situation of the enterprise, its financial
independence, to increase efficiency of economic activity and, finally to
maximize profit, heads of the enterprises in modern conditions pay the
increasing attention to financial planning.
From
the point of view of financial planning the risk - is probability of emergence
of losses or short-reception of the income in comparison with expected data of
the budget.
The
problem of identification of risks and effective management of them exists in
each sector of managing – from agricultural industry and the industry before
trade and the sphere of the financial relations. In this regard, definition of
system of indicators of an assessment of risk when planning financial activity
of the enterprise, developing practical recommendations about minimization and
insurance of risks, and development of strategy of effective management by risk
is topical issue for carrying out researches in this area.
The
financial risk of the enterprise represents result
choice
his owners or managers of the alternative financial decision directed on
achievement of desirable target result of financial activity at probability of
an incurring of an economic damage (financial losses) owing to uncertainty of
conditions of its realization [1,112p.].
Financial
risks - the many sided and multiple factor phenomenon. The following main signs
classify them:
-
On characterized object (risk of separate financial operation, risk of
different types of financial activity, risk of financial activity of the
enterprise as a whole);- on complexity (simple, difficult);
-
On emergence sources (external, internal);
-
On financial consequences (risk attracting economic losses, risk attracting the
missed benefit, risk attracting both economic losses, and the additional
income);
-
On nature of manifestation in time (constant, temporary);
-
On level of probability of realization (with low level, with the average level,
with high and financial risk, level of which probability of realization it is
impossible to define);
-
On level of financial losses (admissible, critical and catastrophic);
-
Whenever possible anticipation (predicted, not predicted);
-
Whenever possible insurance (insured, uninsurable).
Considering
instability of economy during post-crisis development of the Republic of
Kazakhstan, an early stage of life cycle of many created in the last decade of
the enterprises and, mainly, aggressive mentality of domestic heads, it is
possible to note that financial risks accepted by them differ a big variety and
rather high level in comparison with a portfolio of these risks at the enterprises
functioning in the countries with developed market economy. Financial risks
arise in the course of the relations of the enterprise with financial
institutions (banks, finance, investment, insurance companies, the exchanges,
etc.) [2].
In
the President's letter of N. Nazarbayev to the people of Kazakhstan of December
14, 2012. "Strategy "Kazakhstan-2050" the New political policy
of the taken place state" it is told that "All of us see that occurs
now in the world. It not a new wave of crisis, and continuation of crisis of
2007 — 2009 which the world economy did not leave yet. The global economic
system can already give serious failure in 2013 — 2014, cause, in particular, a
collapse of the world prices for raw materials. For us the similar scenario is the
extremely undesirable".
Our
economy gained a good practice during world financial crisis of 2007-2009. As
demonstrated crisis consequences, in national economy of Kazakhstan, in many
enterprises, the organizations of different branches was absent and the control
system of risks was not applied. Respectively, during the post-crisis period
sharply there was a question from regulatory bodies of the financial
organizations and the real production sector enterprises about need of studying
of problems of the account and management of risks and the solution of
practical questions of their application. During this period work on formation
of methods of management by risks became the main objective of supervisory
authorities of a financial system. Introduction of a risk management of the
finance companies connected with need of the account, minimization,
diversification of risks, their measurements for a certain period of time,
allowed to secure activity of the organizations against possible risks.
Standard and instructive measures of creation of a control system by risks in
the organization, the enterprise taking into account world experience were
developed and introduced, measures for their realization in practice are taken
[3].
Financial
activities of the enterprise of risks for definition. The risk role in system
of planning of financial activity of the enterprise most fully reflects risk
representation as measures of potentially possible deviation of expected
results from the planned purposes, owing to violation of dynamic stability of
system of material, financial and information streams.
Thus,
the direct interrelation of risk of the businessperson with obtaining the
income by it is observed. The estimated income is higher, the higher and risk
of the businessperson and vice versa, the estimated risk of performed financial
operation is higher, the bigger profitability is demanded by businessmen. The
valuable tool in hands of the financial manager of the enterprise is
forecasting of financial risks.
Formulating
a work plan for the company, its general budget, business plans, and to
identify financial risks and factors of production, models and methods of risk
prediction. Of the many approaches to forecasting and financial risk
management, company most widely received in practice: the method of expert
estimates, the method of situational analysis and sensitivity analysis.
Despite
the fact that the manifestations of financial risk have the objective nature,
the main indicator of financial risk - the level of risk - has subjective
character. Subjectivity risk assessment is due different levels of reliability
management information, professional qualifications and experience of financial
management and other factors. Therefore, when making decisions under uncertainty,
special attention should be allocated to the quality of information.
On
the basis of experience of Kazakhstan specialists consulting firms have
identified a number of problems faced by domestic enterprises in the field of
financial planning:
-
Unreality generated financial plans;
-
Low efficiency making plans;
-
Lack of clear internal standards of the financial plans;
-
"Isolation" from the current strategic planning;
-
Weak feasibility of plans in terms of providing the necessary financial and
material resources [4,292ð.].
The
specified problems conduct to inevitable increase of degree of financial risks
of domestic enterprises.
As
it was found out, many reasons of emergence of problems in the field of
financial planning of domestic enterprises are connected with absence of the
organization of the process of planning.
The reasons of it are:
-
Lack of orientation to resulting effect;
-
Losses of information and its distortion by transfer;
-
reporting distortion because of inefficient mechanisms of control over
reporting preparation;
-
The excessive duration of procedures of coordination of decisions, duplication
of functions at the enterprise.
In
this regard, it is recommended to financial managers of the enterprises:
-
Most precisely to analyze and define expected values of profit and firm losses;
- To develop the forecast of movement of
available funds of the enterprise;
- To make the forecast of balance of assets
and liabilities in a form of the balance sheet (which is good verification of
the forecast of risks, profits losses and movements of available funds of the
considered enterprise).
According
to these forecasts, it is possible to calculate coefficients of financial risks
of firm, which allow estimating its solvency, a financial position and
financial stability.
In
system of methods of control over financial risks of the foreign enterprises,
the main role belongs to internal mechanisms of their neutralization.
Internal
mechanisms of neutralization of financial risks represent system of methods of
minimization of negative consequences of the financial risks, chosen and
carried out within the enterprise. The system of internal mechanisms of
neutralization of financial risks provides use of the following main methods:
risk avoidance, limitation of concentration of risk, hedging, diversification
of types of financial activity of firm, distribution of risks with partners of
the enterprise and reservation (self-insurance).
Practice
shows that for neutralization of financial risks of the enterprise by the most
suitable the mechanism of self-insurance of the enterprise is. And as the most
ineffective method proved a method of avoiding of risks.
The
comparative assessment shows that the self-insurance mechanism (neutralization
of financial risks) is economically more effective, than even traditional
insurance of risks. Such benefit is especially notable at insurance small, but
frequent losses of the enterprise, which are rather well predicted for a
reasonable period [5,P.135-136].
Summing
up it should be noted that the optimum organization of financial planning of
the Kazakhstan enterprises with a minimum level of risks and losses could be
reached only when:
-
There is a coordination of interests of various services in the course of
development of the plan and its realization;
-
The uniform operations procedure for all employees of the enterprise is
created;
-
The uniform operations procedure for all employees of the enterprise is
created;
- The system of motivation directed on
effective use of material and intellectual potential of the enterprise works;
- All process of planning breaks into separate
modules that significantly simplifies process of development and implementation
of the plan, and also control of its performance;
- The document flow system which sense is that
on its basis it is possible to receive objective idea of production economic
activity at the enterprise is developed;
-
There is an interrelation between long-term and short-term plans for finding of
the optimum decision in the conditions of limited use of resources;
-
Plans made at the enterprise are balanced among themselves.
Reference:
1.
Melnikov A.V.
"Risk-management": Stochastic analysis of risks in financial and
insurance economy. Almaty, 2010y. -112p
2.
Nation-wide daily newspaper
`Kazakhstan’s truth`¹ 97, 2009y. // www.kazpravda.kz
3.
The president Nazarbayev’s message to Kazakh people (14.12.2012y) The
strategy "Kazakhstan-2050"
New political course of stated government.
4.
Dusembaev K.Sh The analysis of
financial enterprise’s position Almaty: Economy, 2009. - 292ð.
5.
Mazurina T. U. About the assessment,
of financial enterprise’s stability. Finances, 2011. - ¹ 10., - Ð.135-136.