Maltsev LV

Doctor of education, professor

Kuban state university

PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE KUBAN IAND

Each person has his own little country, and we are proud of it – our Kuban. Exuberant, colorful world of nature irresistibly attracted people forced to worry at the meeting. For settlements in the Kuban Cossacks chose the best land strategically places: steep riverbanks, elevated areas, protected ravines and swamps. Village surrounded by a deep ditch and earthen rampart. In the center were the Cossack village church stanitsa or township government, schools, retail shops. Manor Cossacks usually encloses deaf high fences with tightly closed gate that emphasizes isolation of Cossack life. Often placed in the house or the yard to the street was turned deaf side (due to the danger of war).

Residence Kuban Cossacks combined in itself and habitat, and defensive structure. The first settlements in the Kuban Cossacks appeared on the banks of the Kuban River. So did turluchnye home. Walls of two rows of woven wicker or cane, and the space between them for warmth and strength filled the land. The roof was certainly reed, with a hole for smoke. Dwelling divided into left, female, and right, male, half. Directly behind a porch – the biggest room, Salo, where we took guests. Here was the best furniture and crockery was the best.

The manor was located stables – the most expensive for a Cossack. Were described separately barn, coop, sty, sheds and barns. The house itself – porch on the street, the windows in the field – just as the Cossacks went to sleep around a campfire: face towards the enemy. West – gardens. But vineyards, orchards and melon fields in the villages and hamlets of large not settled, and estates, and separately in designated convenient locations. Each homestead walling from the street and adjacent lands. On the street side fence were: clay wall, wooden fence or wicker fence. Cossack farmstead typical middle-income consisted of a general plan with residential outbuildings, infield and Zapashniy land that was outside the village.

In every courtyard were well and summer furnace. Stove in the summer kitchen was the same as in the house, maybe a little smaller. She did not sleep, and she served for heating. Been heated it dryamom – twigs, straw, corn budylyami and often dung. Dung produced (stamped) at the far backyard of manure and chopped straw. The resulting mass is formed or cut and dried. The resulting fuel is stored.

Podbelivali oven after each cooking. Next to the summer kitchen was Ohnište on which stood three-legged spider, and on it or cauldron (boiler with a large bottom) or different diameters of the ring to put irons. Immediately the samovar, and was an iron tackle: samovar pipe, furnace doors, tongs (stags), pans (chapalniki). Stove in Cossack looks very nice: it was decorated, blue border, in those places where it was possible to use clay or stone stove painted images of horses, Cossacks colors. Near the stove was a table, the food was "with piping hot." A few steps away from the stove was a cellar where the cold and ice stored meat and dairy products. Over the summer the stove under a canopy hung bunches of onions, pepper, dried fish. All this blazing sun gold or scarlet barrels teasing appetite. Of outbuildings - barns, stables , barns, cellars.

Decoration of dwellings were wooden cornices, architraves thread . To decorate the roof installed on the ridge "skates". In Some of the pages tiled roof beams straw or reeds so skillfully that the edges obtained skates beautiful combs. In the eastern areas of the region in the second half of the nineteenth century - the beginning of the twentieth century and widely distributed around the house. They were built chopped, turluchnymi, often with a tin roof or tiled. These houses usually consisted of several rooms, porches, front porch.

Manor middle and wealthy Cossacks are relatively large in size. Outbuildings often built-were of local building materials. In Cossack homestead has always been built summer kitchen, which the family moved to the warmer months. Interior hut secured Cossacks distinguished emphatically decorative. Cossack hut walls adorned weapons and harnesses, paintings of military subjects, family portraits, portraits Cossack chieftains and members of the royal family.

When laying house Cossacks had their ceremonies with which they were observed . The construction site throwing scraps pet hair, feathers – "all vodilos." Uterus - svolok ( wooden beams , on which lay a ceiling), raised on towels or chains , "that the house was empty." In the front corner, the wall build in a wooden cross , calling it God's blessing upon the inhabitants of the house. After completion of construction work hosts arranged a feast instead of payment (it was not supposed to take for help). Most participants are invited and the housewarming .

Dwelling Interior Kuban Cossack was basically the same for all regions of Kuban. The house used to be two rooms: the great (vylyka), then there is a big room and small. In a small room there were oven, long wooden benches, a table. In the large room was designed furniture: cupboard, chest of drawers for linen chests. Central place in the house was "Red Corner" – "shrine." "Shrine" is made in the form of a large Kyoto, consisting of one or more icons, decorated with embroidered towels, and table – gon. Often icons and towels decorated with paper flowers. In the "shrine" retained objects of sacred or ritual significance: wedding candles, "Pasca," as they called us in the Kuban, easter eggs, prosvirki, write prayers, memorial books."

To see all this you need to visit the museum is not open-bom and the name of this village museum ethnographic complex Ata-man. It is situated on 20 acres of Taman Peninsula, where more than 200 years ago the first group landed the Black Sea Cossacks resettled.

When visiting the village Ataman each visitor learns life, lifestyle, traditions and customs of the Kuban Cossacks. Learning to ride a horse under the supervision of Ataman. On the streets of the village adjoin spacious hut barber , weaver, blacksmith clerk . Each farmstead in the village Ataman individual " in a hut smith " in the eyes of visitors will make a treasured coin master . In another farmstead teach oven pancakes and pies in the real Russian oven, try Kuban cuisine. Utensils collected in this village, hamlets. In the hut, every visitor can see the old irons, spinning wheels, pottery tools, kerosene lamps, kettles, pots, stove and tongs levers.

On the roads of the village Ataman go chaise, in restaurants prepare dishes, cooked according to ancient custom, and the streets give master classes potters and blacksmiths. In this museum its creators have tried to consider all the details of the Kuban Cossack life. The right-hand corners of each hut certainly happiness lie flowers together with copper and silver money. Soup is boiling on the stove and in the stalls – Kuban are real racers. Alive not only household items, but also the traditions and legends.

During the construction of huts used technology that was used by Cossacks. By reeds or turluku walls on two sides coated with clay mixed for greater strength with manure; coating was carried out in two – three reception . Walls inside and outside cables chalk. On the ceiling beams – Matica (svoloki, joists) laid flooring of oak poles or boards (lagging, shelevok), bulrush , and turluka two sides also daubed with clay . The most common design of the roof was hipped on the rafters (krokvah), covered by oak poles – slug (armor) with reeds , straw under the back or scratching , in natrusku . The ridge straw and reed roofs made comb, in the Black Sea villages on four faces arranged stepped roof naryzhniki, ostrishki [1].

Storoili hut of clay and straw embedded in brushwood foundation walls (thickness 3/4 arsh.), And for the construction of walls Val'kova huts used large round or oval lumps of clay that overlap each other series (followed by drying). In the middle of the XIX century adobe houses are widely distributed in the villages and Taman Yeisky districts. Saman was prepared from clay with manure in the form of large (4x8 vershoks) bricks, with the construction of walls in some places paved board for general communication building. In some villages (Novoderevyankovskaya, Uman) walls of the houses constructed of sod (thickness 3/4) previously cut into bricks and kiln dried [2].

Technology Kuban huts were simple: the frame of poles, and if there was a possibility of logs. Frame exactly the same as the fence or fence braided twigs. The resulting transparent walls daubed with clay on both sides, carefully kneaded with fine straw. Ceilings beams climbed a log or short boards, braided and coated with clay. Roof on poles covering sheaves of reeds laid flat, and where there was no cane straw sheaves, which were filled with liquid clay. In the hut were laid oven. Of rough planks made ostrogannoj door. More carefully manufactured window into two frames. The floors were made of planks only wealthy families. Poorer treated earthen hut padded floors, which are regularly lubricated korovyakom (cow dung). Annually belilas hut inside and outside with chalk or lime.

Fresh and clean air and the noise of the Azov Sea, the chirping of birds, smoking cozy with homespun rugs on the floor and antique spinning wheels in the corner - this is an ethnographic village Ataman , who appeared before the eyes of visitors. It merged past and present. This ancient land still holds priceless wealth Fanagoriis kingdom and Scythians, legends live here Tmutarakan principality. It revived the soul of our Kuban, her story. There is no past and future, not yesterday and tomorrow - there is only today that lasts for centuries, retaining its unique charm.

Kuban land is amazing, she, like many thousands of years ago, draws man. And who ever got in her endless hugs, felt the breath of the Kuban chernozem, the joy of climbing to the mountain top, to the very clouds, plunged into the bottomless blue Black Sea, that will remain forever on this earth. Spacious steppe, rippling sea of golden ears, quiet silent marshes, alpine meadows bright and sparkling snow-capped peaks, turbulent mountain rivers. And nowhere else find such wondrous harmony between water and sky, mountains and earth. All this wealth of aboriginal Kuban lands.

History of Kuban with their traditions, customs is a powerful means of aesthetic, spiritual and moral education. Formation and revival of national consciousness by associating them to the cultural heritage of his people.

Happy is he who touches the art and will carry through his life. Currently, the greatest interest is in folk art, which shows the relationship of folklore, preserve and pass on to future generations the secrets and skills of traditional folk art of the Kuban.

Sometimes we want to get away from urban noise problems unsorted municipal turmoil. At such times, people remember his parents' home, where there is always glad to see him. Now there is a place on earth where you can come to rejoice, to grieve, to discover something new and go back my childhood - it ethnographic complex on the shores of the Sea of Azov village Ataman.

literature

1. GAKK. F. 449. Op. 6. D. 156 and. L. 2-4; Kuban village. Ethnic, cultural and community processes in the Kuban. M., 1967. S. 116, Essays traditional culture of the Cossacks of Russia. T. 1. Moscow-Krasnodar, 2002. S. 443.

2. GAKK. F.449. Op. 6. D. 156 and. L. 4.

3. KV Chistov Kuban Cossack village. M., 1967.