Филологические науки/4.Синтаксис: структура, семантика, функция

Maqistr philology Zhapparova N.T.

Karaganda State Medical University, Kazakhstan

On the matter of the sentence syntax

The sentence is the main object of syntax in each language. The Kazakh linguistics branch of syntax replenishes with the large researches, the new directions. So works of such scientists as P.M.Melioransky, A.Baitursynov, K.Zhubanov, S. Amanzholov, N. Sauranbayev, S. Zhiyenbayev, Sh.Kh.Sarybayev, M. Balakayev, T.Kordabayev, R. Amirov, K.Esenov, O. Tolegenov, A.Abilkayev, T.Sairanbayev with new views on syntax of the sentence today joined scientists Zh.Saduakasov, Zh.Zhakupov, etc. Today researches of syntax of the sentence are systematically developing.

In the Kazakh linguistics object of syntax are the word combination and the sentence, but the importance of the sentence certainly is much more. Only through the sentence we can transmit our thought to the interlocutor, share opinion. Therefore the sentence is mainly studied as object of syntax. In the Russian linguistics the research of syntax is divided in three directions.

First of all syntax studies only the sentence and its parts, sentence parts. According to this direction syntax has to study only the sentence. In this case word combination, sentence parts.... are not considered. So in this direction object of syntax is only the sentence and the word combination is not considered.

Secondly syntax studies only the word combination. Such opinion hold F.F.Fortunatov, V.K.Porzhezinsky, N.M.Peterson, A.M.Peshkovsky. These scientists conclude that it is impossible to divide completely features of the word combination and the sentence therefore the sentence itself is one part of the word combination.

Thirdly the scientists V.V.Vinogradov, Yu.Shvedova, V.N.Yartseva, O.S.Akhmanova consider both the word combination and the sentence as object of syntax.

N.Yu.Shvedova: "It is naturally the coupling in this case, as though to call it: combination of words, the sentence, the statement, the phrase, syntagma or combination of syntagmas, they are the main unit of syntax". Thus expanded the meaning of syntactic unit [1,3].

Today the following terms as "complex syntactic unit" (N.S.Pospelov), late "statement", "text", "superphrase unity", "message", "period", "a prosaic strophe " are introduced to object of syntax research.

In the Kazakh linguistics in works of P.N.Melioransky, A.Baitursynov, S. Amanzholov, N. Sauranbayev the sentence is the object of syntax, and only professor M. Balakayev adds to it the word combination. Thus the word combination and the sentence are recognized as object of syntax. But K.Yessenov offers also consideration of complex sentences, B. Shalabay proposes the consideration of the text problems. Zh.Zhakupov holds the opinion that the object of syntax originates in morphology: "Proceeding from morphology borders, we see that the object of syntax proceeds from the verbal forms studied in morphology". According to the scientist’s opinion there is no need to consider object of syntax too narrowly or on the contrary widely. Because the object for research has to be exact, object of research and a subject of syntax beginning with the word combination should not be limited only with the sentence [2,111].

Sentence structure is complex. Therefore first of all on the agenda there is a question, what is the sentence, what is its differences. The question that the sentence represents the finished thought or rather finished thought is the complex problem demanding separate research.

The sentence is versatile category. We see its versatility already in its structure. For example, in the sentence we clearly distinguish word combinations, the sentence parts, the isolated words, similar parts of a sentence. That is in the sentence some categories are collected. This phenomenon in a simple sentence, and secondly, a simple sentence is the main material in structure of complex one. Without a simple sentence it is impossible to make the text. Complex sentences are compound on the basis of simple ones, and only then can transfer complex idea. In different languages the question what differences of the sentence have to be there is a set of different views. Today the features of the sentence are considered to be the following: predicativity, communicativeness, modality and intonation. But these features developed not at once.

In Russian V.V.Vinogradov considered predicativity and intonation as the main features of the sentence. This opinion for some time was priority. Now such groups as the modality, communicativeness have been added here, and thus the sphere of research extends.

Let's stop shortly on each of them.

Predicativity. In any language there is no rule about predicativity. But according to linguists the structure of the sentence depends not so much on the word or word combination, but on predicativity. The predicate is based on a sentence part a predicate. If there is a predicate, the subject presence is meant. About value of predicativity there are two different opinions. V.V.Vinogradov, N.Yu.Shvedova, G.A.Zolotova held the opinion that predicativity is based on connection of the contents of the sentence with surrounding subjects, the phenomena. V.G.Admoni, M.I.Steblin-Kamensky state that predicativity is the relations between sentence parts. At first sight both opinions are similar. We think that concerning a predicativity problem the matter is about a structure of the sentence on the basis of a subject and a predicate unity. If the sentence is formed on the basis of two main members, its other features supplement it. So this relation according to V.V.Babaytseva, have to be developed on the basis of the following facts:

· Subject and predicate (logical aspect);

· Topic and comment (communicative aspect);

· Subject and predicate (grammatical aspect) [3,63].

In the Kazakh language T.Sairanbayev to the word about predicativity of the sentence also points to communication of these three aspects [4,6].

Though these three aspects are considered in the different directions, one thing is at the heart of them, a subject and a predicate (or a topic, a comment).

V.V.Babaytseva, stating that predicativity is present only at the verbal sentence: "At any understanding of predicativity, its main center is the verbal predicate as categories of an inclination, tense, the person are connected with a verb. Therefore predicativity is identified with a predicativity". Further the author states: "... predicativity finds the full and partial expression in any sentence" 3,64. And G.A.Zolotova states that nonverbal sentences as well as the verbal ones is the phenomenon being in Russian language long ago: "Relating nonverbal sentences to incomplete, we oblige presence of a verb in the complete sentence" [5,150]. So authors show that predicativity is a feature of the sentence.

Modality. The Russian scientists special attention give to sentence modality. In opinion of V.V.Vinogradova the sentence is the isolated unit expressing the truth. This addition is very important. The message according to its contents has a direct relation to the objective reality therefore corresponds to a logical reasoning. A.A.Shakhmatov about a modality, his visibility: "First, in the form of a verbal predicate by means of change of its basis and the endings, secondly, in the special function words accompanying a predicate or the main sentence parts, in the third, in a special word order in the sentence, fourthly, in special intonations of a predicate or the main member of a mononuclear sentence"[6,129]. Here the relation of the elements making a modality of the sentence finds the exact description. So we see that the sentence is realized both through a predicate and through a subject. Modal feature of the sentence is characterized also through imperative, exclamatory, interrogative types of the sentence, the positive and negative types, different suffixes of verbs, the unions, even through a word order, inclinations, tense. In this regard visibility of the truth is connected to the tense. Here indication of tense is not the same morphologically or syntactic. If in morphology tense is transmitted only through a verb, in syntax meaning of tense is expressed by the sentence as a whole.

Communicativeness. Forming the communication with each other conversation is realized only by means of sentences.

Generally how much time such parts of language as phonetics, lexis, morphology and so on wouldn't be studied and expressed with considerable concepts, they didn't rise to degree of interchange with opinions. Only the sentence is the main component of relationship.

So being structured on the basis of predicativity and a modality the sentence through relationship serves to all society, and it is its main feature.

Intonation. Intonation is one of the main features of the sentence. Each sentence is expressed by its own intonation. There is no sentence without intonation. The separate word, the word combination can become the sentence through intonation. Z.Bazarbayeva about intonation in Kazakh language: "Division of sentences on the purpose the statement is based only on a voice tempo, that is on intonation. In definition of a type of the sentence on structure also important role is played by intonation" [7,29].

In particular the isolated words in the sentence can be shown correctly only on the basis of intonation. It is an intonational conclusion in simple sentences, but in complex sentences intonation can be absolutely different. If in one sentence intonation is raised, in other it is lowered. According to the linguists studying syntax intonation of a voice in the sentence developed earlier than other features of the sentence.

Because at initial stages of the sentence development gesture, movement and at the same time intonation participated in transfer of thoughts. So being transmitted through a punctuation dividing the sentence intonation plays very important role in thought transfer.

Thus doing the conclusion about the sentence we say once again that the sentence is the instrument of relationship standing apart the distinctive features. All above properties of the sentence aren't applied separately, and together show all qualitative features of the sentence. That is not any structure can be the sentence.

The sentence is the tool of communication. Its main features are a predicativity, a modality, intonation and communicativeness.

Speaking about opinions of the above scientists on a syntax subject, it is necessary to mention Zh.A.Zhakupov's position. Till this time in all textbooks the formal sentence structure was considered from the point of view of the subject and predicate relations in the sentence. Nowadays there is the need of consideration by the principle of the analysis not only on structure, but also on substantial value. Studying of substantial and structural, applicable and objective side of the sentence is the requirement of the present. It discloses a set of problem questions concerning concept of the sentence. Being guided by Zh.A.Zhakupov's theory we consider that the object of research of syntax begins with verbal forms and reaches the text.

References:

1. N.Yu. Shvedova. Dynamic processes in the modern Russian syntax. -М., 1966, page 154.

2. Zh.A. Zhakupov, T.B. Zhokeyev. To the problem of morphosyntax// Kazakh language and literature. 2003, №3, page 111.

3. V.V. Babaytseva. Russian language. Syntax and punctuation. -М., 1979, page 268.

4. T. Sairanbayev. Сөйлемнің тұрлаулы мүшелері. – Almaty, 1991, page 6.

5. G.A. Zolotova. Communicative aspects of Russian syntax. – Moscow: Nauka, 1982.

6. А.А. Shakhmatov. Syntax of Russian language. 2^nd Edition, -L., 1941, page 402.

7. Z.M. Bazarbayeva. Intonation system of Kazakh language. Author Doctor of Philology. – Almaty, 1997, page 54.