Філологічні науки / 7. Мова, мовлення, мовна комунікація

Shumovska Roksolana

Lviv National Polytechnic University

Contrastive analysis of verb + noun phrase combinations with make in Ukrainian and in English

Collocations are widely used nowadays and are an important part of communication. In corpus linguistics [1], a collocation is a sequence of words or terms that co-occur more often than would be expected by chance. In phraseology, collocation is a sub-type of phraseme. Phraseological collocations [2] should not be confused with idioms, where meaning is derived, whereas collocations are mostly compositional.

There are about six main types of collocations: adjective + noun, noun + noun (or collective nouns), verb + noun, adverb + adjective, verbs + prepositional phrase (phrasal verbs), and verb + adverb.

The aim of my research is to reveal common and divergent features between phrase combinations with make in English and their construction in Ukrainian. In accordance with the theme, objects of my research are collocations of pattern make + noun. The subject of research is comparison semantic peculiarities of phrase combinations in English and in Ukrainian.

During the research it was found the list of phrase combinations with make in dictionaries of collocations and monolingual dictionaries [3, 4, 5, 6], where the word make is used differently depending on the noun, which is presented in the combination, and context. Thus, it does not mean that the word make has different meaning. It is used with nouns in different senses, not meanings. Here we can speak about polysemy. A polyseme is a word or phrase with different, but related senses. Polysemy is a semantic universal inherent in the fundamental structure of language.

Generally the combinations on the basis of the senses may be divided into eleven groups: form in the mind (make an estimate, make a choice, make a decision, make a guess, make an impression, make an identification), prepare, fix (make dinner, make a bed, make an exhibition, make a cake, make a house, make a match), carry out, do (make a job, make a phone call, make a comparison, make an escape, make an exception, make an exchange, make contribution, make way, make progress, make practice, make a clutch, make a rescue, make an assault, make an attempt, make a revision, make a start, make a kill, make a discovery, make an effort, make an attack), gain (make a peace, make friends, make a living, make a loss, make money, make a profit), arrange (make a date, make a deal, make a bargain, make an arrangement, make a book, make a reservation, make a journey, make a visit), grimace (make a face, make eyes), cause (make a noise, make waves, make a move, make a shift, make an error, make a mistake, make a pause, make a break, make a mess, make trouble), create (make a poem, make a dress, make a portrait), pronounce (make a speech, make a promise, make a complaint, make an offer, make a wish, make a vow, make an excuse), produce (make a petition, make a reply, make a report, make an introduction), have (make sense).

It was revealed that there is no Ukrainian dictionary of collocations. The sources of phrase combinability in Ukrainian are Одинадцятитомний «Словник української мови» (СУМ-11), Удовиченко Г.М. “Словник українських ідіом” [7, 8, 9]. There were found 20 phraseological units, from which 8 combinations are phraseological combinations, according to the classification suggested by V.V.Vinigradov, the others are quasi-idiomatic or phraseological unities. Therefore I add some phrase combinations on the model of робити + іменник in Ukrainian, as a native speaker of this language from my personal experience of using such phrase combinations.

The Ukrainian combinations on the basis of the senses may be divided into eight groups: виконувати (робити роботу, робити діло, робити справу, робити ремонт, робити сальто, робити вправи, робити витівки, робити вибрики, робити коники, робити фокуси, робити фіглі, робити уроки, робити трюки), створювати (робити меблі, робити стіл, робити шафу, робити макіяж, робити зачіску, робити манікюр, робити педикюр, робити завивку, робити фотографію, робити програму), проводити (робити обстеження, робити огляд, робити опис, робити опитування, робити ревізію, робити тестування), виголошувати (робити оголошення, робити прелюдію, робити преамбулу, робити вступ, робити коментарі, робити зауваження, робити примітку, робити висновки, робити прогнози, робити наголос), надавати (робити послугу, робити заявку, робити приємність, робити внесок, робити візит, робити честь), виглядати (робити міну, робити вигляд, робити враження, робити бісики, робити очки, робити гримасу, робити очі), повертати (робити коліно), спричиняти (робити галас, робити крик, робити гамір, робити репет, робити гул, робити гук, робити бучу, робити тарарам, робити мерзенність, робити гам, робити підлість, робити шкоду, робити паскудство, робити гидоту, робити каверзи, робити вплив, робити милість, робити пакість, робити поступи, робити сцену, робити погоду).

Both languages, English and Ukrainian, have some similar senses of the word make. The similarity which is presented on the basis of proximity of these senses: form in the mind – no relevance; prepare, fix – no relevance; carry out, do – виконувати; gain – no relevance; arrange – проводити; grimace – виглядати; cause – спричиняти; create – створювати; pronounce – виголошувати; produce – надавати; have – no relevance; no relevance – повертати.

It has been observed that lingual representation of phrase combinations with make in contrasted languages have some similar features. They are following:

1. For both languages the collocations with the structure make + noun are acceptable and widely used.

2. The majority of senses of the word make in English have corresponding senses of the word робити in Ukrainian. The amount of phrase combinations in English, which have the same sense, and the number of combinations in Ukrainian with the same sense are almost equal. From this it follows that in both languages these verbs are used to denote the similar communicative situations.

3. In both languages some of these phrase combinations on the model of make + noun or робити + іменник could be changed on regular words that are not collocations or collocations with the different verbs in the structure of phrase combinations.

4. The phrase combinations with make in both languages are used mostly in informal style and in routine life.

In addition to the similarities between the lingual representation of phrase combinations with make in contrasted languages have some different features. They are following:

1. The occurrence of using collocations with make in some senses in English language is more frequency than in Ukrainian

2. In English there are more senses of the word make using in phrase combinations than in Ukrainian

3. In Ukrainian language there more quasi-idiomatic combinations (according to the classification suggested by N.I.Andrejchuk) or phraseological unities (according to the classification suggested by V.V.Vinogradov) with such structure as робити + іменник than make + noun in English

The make + noun phrase combinations in English and Ukrainian languages have more similarities than differences. It means that both languages are similar in an aspect of phraseology.

References:

1. Gledhill C. Collocations in Science Writing, Narr, Tübingen, 2000.

2. Altenberg, Bengt."On the Phraseology of Spoken English: The Evidence of Recurrent Word-Combinations". Phraselogy. Ed. A.P.Cowie. Oxford:Clarendon Press. 1998: - 101.

3. Online Collocation Dictionary. – Available from: Ошибка! Недопустимый объект гиперссылки.

4. Brewer’s Dictionary of Phrase & Fable. – Available from: Ошибка! Недопустимый объект гиперссылки.

5. The Free Dictionary by Farlex. – Available from: Ошибка! Недопустимый объект гиперссылки.

6. Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. – 1572 p.

7. Удовиченко Г. М. Словник українських ідіом. – Київ: Радянський письменник. – 1968.

8. Словник української мови, тт. 1—11. - Київ: «Наукова думка», 1970—1980.

9. Фразеологічний словник. – Available from: http://ycilka.net/slovnyk_ fraz_view.php?id=17