Marinova A.A., master student
Irkutsk National Research Technical University
The
effectiveness of environmentally friendly plants in distributed power systems.
The
concept of distributed energy systems, that is, build independent from
centralized networks of generating capacity for electricity generation in the
vicinity of local consumers, taking into account their specific needs in volume
and profile of consumption, began to attract the attention of investors, both
manufacturers and end-users from the middle of the 80s XX century. Used mini-
and micro-turbines, as the basis for distributed power generators are the
properties of electricity cogeneration units, ie utilizing the energy of the
exhaust gases in refrigeration and heat without increasing the volume of the
fuel; operate turbines on liquid (diesel, kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas) or
gas (natural gas, oil passing, biogas, coal mine methane, landfill, and so on.
n.) fuel.
For
WP used become traditional installation products and the latest technologies.
The traditional plants include all types of internal combustion engines,
including diesel engines and leading engines operating on diesel fuel, and gas.
Despite the continuous improvement, they are polluting compared with newer
technologies.
The
main factors stimulating the development of distributed generation, as history
shows, are:
· Adaptation to the consumer market uncertainty in the development of
electric power industry and electricity prices; This reduces the risk of power
shortages and enhance energy security;
· increasing the adaptive capacities of EPS themselves to the uncertainty
of market conditions for the development of the economy and thereby decrease
investment risks;
· the emergence of new, highly efficient energy technologies (gas turbines
and combined cycle);
· increase in the share of gas in the fuel supply to power plants;
· stricter environmental requirements, stimulating the use of renewable
energy sources (hydro, wind, biomass, etc.) with a protectionist policy.
In
addition to the mini- and micro-turbines mentioned above, contribute to the
development of distributed generation is making the development of fuel cells
and renewable energy sources.
At
the heart of the fuel cell is a whole family of technologies based on hydrogen
oxidation catalyst. Generation of electricity is like a generation in
conventional batteries, no conversion of chemical energy into electricity
through a mechanical movement. All the technology works with virtually no
pollution, waste is ordinary water. In addition to working on pure hydrogen,
the production of which is very expensive, fuel cells may use other fuels with
high hydrogen content.
Total
is currently being developed at least a dozen different types of items with an
efficiency of 40% to 60%. Some of the most promising - technology with the
proton exchange membrane, and carbon in the solid oxide. When disposing of heat
or by using a gas turbine in combination with a fuel cell in a combined cycle
and may achieve ultra-high efficiency of 80%.
All
the same range of settings, extracting electricity from renewable sources,
regarded as a potential contribution to the infrastructure of distributed
generation. Wind, solar, tidal, geothermal, micro-hydro turbine - any
technology that can at least partially meet the needs of the building or
apartment, it can also be used in large-scale projects such as the following
virtual power plants.
We
should not forget that the world's increasing focus on environmental issues and
the environment. In many areas of the business environment is dictated by the
use of various technologies. Good or bad, but for distributed generation
emphasis on environmental friendliness often help win the competition.
The
WG is very convenient in many cases. In the development of oil fields have to
burn a huge amount of associated gas - in the region of production there are no
opportunities for either transport or processing. In developing the minerals
necessary to solve the problem of mine gases. Using microturbines enable and
benefit economically and protect the environment. Where there is no centralized
networks, electricity and heat can be used in the fields themselves. And if oil
is produced adjacent to the economically developed region, or there is a
network connecting the area with the fields populated areas, the oil wells can
collectively become a huge power plant.
Another
area of application - sparsely populated areas of northern Europe or America,
as well as densely populated and poorest areas of Africa and Asia, where there
is no network. In a less exotic conditions for a country with a developed
infrastructure of distributed power generation various technologies can be used
to solve a variety of problems.
Cogeneration
of heat and electricity, which increases the efficiency of any power plant is
much more efficient in terms of distributed generation, because the heat over
long distances is not transported.
Waste
disposal of large cities and urban sewage treatment plant in the utilization of
methane in microturbines will not only additional power the city, but also
about 20 times reduce air pollution compared with its combustion.
Microgenerators
ensure the availability of spare capacity for vital needs (hospitals,
elevators, water supply and sanitation), or in those sectors where the price of
failure is too high (telecommunications, finance, continuous production).
It
is attractive to consumers and the possibility of saving in times of peak
demand and rising prices. The development of a competitive market will bring
sooner or later, the differentiation of prices to the level of retail
consumers, and already close those days, when the price of kWh will change in
real time. The more appropriate price signals will be received by the customer,
the better will include its own generator for arbitrage between the prices of
fuel and electricity.
Using
micro-generators can contribute to the maintenance of high quality power in a
centralized network and reduce the need for the costs of reconstruction and
upgrade of networks and substations. Distributed generators allow support for
voltage and frequency to reduce network losses and the costs of maintaining the
central reserve.
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