История/4. Этнография
Tobylov A. S., Amirov E. Sh., Bogdanova A.A.
The Karaganda state university named after E.A.
Buketov
To the question of interaction of
UNESCO
and the Republic of Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan is the country with rich cultural and historical heritage. In
heart of our homeland there is "yellow steppe" - Sary Arka, and to
the west – the Turgay Plateau. The territory of Kazakhstan is so huge that it
takes the Ural Mountains in the West both the Altai and the Tarbagatai in the
east. In the south-west the Ustyurt Plateau and the coast of the Caspian Sea is
located. The Eastern part of Kazakhstan borders with the northern Tien Shan.
And each site of our land has its history. Since the most ancient times there
were cultures of oases in foothill plains and in basins of the large rivers and
the original culture of nomads-cattle-farmers at wide open territories of
steppes and semi-deserts here. Despite the separate periods of decline and
desolation, irreversible violations of the environment did not occur. The
people loved and knew their land, they were able to protect and revive its
natural wealth.
The international recognition of value of cultural
heritage of Kazakhstan was expressed in inclusion of the Kazakhstan monuments
in the list of the World heritage of UNESCO.
The Republic of Kazakhstan entered UNESCO on May 22,
1992 [1]. In the list of the World heritage of UNESCO in the Republic of
Kazakhstan 5 names appear (2017), it makes 0,5% of total number (1073 for
2017). 3 objects are included in the list by cultural criteria, and one of them
is recognized as a masterpiece of the human genius (criterion i) and 2 objects
are included by natural criteria. Besides, according to the condition for 2017,
13 objects in the territory of Kazakhstan are in number of candidates for
inclusion into the list of the world heritage [2]. The Republic of Kazakhstan
ratified the Convention on protection of the world cultural and natural
heritage on April 29, 1994 [2].
The mausoleum named after Hodzha Akhmet
Yassaui [3] is enrolled
in the list in 2003 at the 27th session of the Committee
of the world heritage of UNESCO and it is the first
monument of Kazakhstan in this list.
The
petroglyphs of the
archaeological landscape Tamgaly is the first monument of petroglyphic art of Kazakhstan and
Central Asia included in the List of the world Heritage UNESCO [4]. The committee
of the World Heritage at the 28th session which took place in the Chinese city Suzhu
from June 28 to July 7, 2004, made the decision to include "Petroglyphs of
an archaeological landscape of the Tamgaly" in the List of the World
Heritage of UNESCO according to the offer of Kazakhstan and taking into account
the recommendation of the International Council for protection of monuments and
historical places (ICOMOS).
The object of natural heritage of Saryarka - Steppes and lakes of the Northern Kazakhstan make two
protected territories – the Nauruzumsky national natural park and the
Korgalzhynsky national natural park [5].
It
was registered in the list of the World heritage UNESCO at the meeting of the Committee
of the world heritage of UNESCO on July 7, 2008, Quebec, Canada.
The objects of the Great Silk way in the
Chanjan-Tian-Shan corridor
33
objects representing the network of routes Chanjan – Tian-Shan corridor of the
Silk way, include the cities and palace complexes of various states and
empires, trade settlements, buddhist cave temples, ancient ways and passes,
watchtowers, sections of the Great Chinese Wall, strengthening, tombs and
religious buildings [6].
The
included object represents the network of routes of Chanjan-Tian-Shan corridor
(China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan). 33 components of the object (22 of which – in
China, 8 – in Kazakhstan and 3 in Kyrgyzstan)
The
silk way was included into the List of the world heritage of UNESCO as the
nomination "The silk way: network of routes Chanjan-Tian-Shan
corridor", presented by Kazakhstan, China and Kyrgyzstan. This decision
was made by the Committee of the world heritage on June 22, 2014 at the 38th
session which is taking place in Doha, Qatar from June 15 to June 25, 2014.
The
western Tien-Shan abounds with various landscapes for which exclusively rich
biodiversity is characteristic. The region of the Western Tien Shan has world
value as is the place of origin of a number of species of fruit trees and
differs in a big variety of types of the woods and unique flora, it is said in
the statement of the press service of UNESCO. [7]
The
transnational serial nomination "The Western Tien Shan" presented by
three countries - Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan, is included in the
list of the world heritage of UNESCO. Such decision was adopted on July 17,
2016 at the 40th session of the committee of the world heritage of UNESCO in
Istanbul.
It
should be noted that there are also problem points at interaction of Kazakhstan
and UNESCO. In June, 2016 the conflict between UNESCO and Kazakhstan, all
because of construction of the highway for conducting the winter Universiade in
Almaty erupted. In this territory the ancient settlement Talgar included in the
list of the world heritage of UNESCO among 33 cities of the Great Silk Way is
located. After this event in our address the criticism poured down. At first we
actively asked to include our cities in the list of the world heritage of
UNESCO, and later we begin to destroy them and by that fueling tension with
UNESCO. UNESCO has powers to exclude the Talgar that will complicate the
situation with China and Kyrgyzstan as many cities on the Great Silk way are on
territories of our neighbors. According to the norms of UNESCO if one object
does not conform to requirements of protection of this organization, then the
other objects of the nomination will be excluded. However at the end of 2016
all construction works were stopped. It is a private example which shows some
immaturity of our society in respect of preservation of historical and cultural
heritage.
The
second problem is the fact that the list of the world heritage of UNESCO
included so insignificant number of the objects located in the territory of
Kazakhstan. The Netherlands with the area of 41543 sq.km is presented by 10
monuments. The Netherlands is twice less than the North Kazakhstan area (97 993
sq.km) and besides it is in the number of 30 leaders in quantity of objects of
the world heritage.
2
above designated problems are somewhat interrelated. The facts of deviation
from UNESCO norms on protection of monuments of the world heritage can
complicate nominating of new Kazakhstan objects. For solutions of these
problems, Kazakhstan is faced by the problem of standardization of the
legislation in the field of protection of cultural heritage with norms of
UNESCO. And of course, promoting the objects of cultural heritage among the
population. We should inform people about the importance of natural and
cultural monuments for ourselves, for our state, for the universal peace.
Having solved these problems, Kazakhstan can safely walk in necessary direction
and try to achieve progress. Definitely Kazakhstan sets the tasks, to bring as
much as possible objects in the world heritage. Our country diligently works at
concerning the nomination in the List of the World heritage "The silk way:
network of the routes Fergana – Syr Darya corridor. The Scientists of Kazakhstan
actively cooperate with researchers, archeologists, historians of China,
Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan and continue collaboration in studying of
the Middle Ages on territories of the Central Asia.
In
this way we can claim that Kazakhstan and UNESCO have not exhausted the potential
of mutually beneficial cooperation. UNESCO has already included 5 objects
located in the territory of Kazakhstan in the list of the world heritage and
there are all reasons to believe that the number of the Kazakhstan objects will
grow. And we have to be proud of it, to use the best efforts for protection of
the world heritage and transfer to its future generations. For preservation and
development of the world cultural and natural heritage it is necessary not only
for experts, but also for all people to be aware of the Convention and the
efforts made in this sphere by UNESCO, as we ourselves are true keepers of this
heritage. As we - youth inherit these unique values, it is very important that for
us to take the most active part in the process of its preservation and
enhancement.
References:
[2]-
The States Parties – Kazakhstan. http://unesco.org