ÓÄÊ: 658.14/17
doctor of economic
sciences, professor Êðóãëîâ
Â.Í.
ÍÎÓ ÂÏÎ «Èíñòèòóò
óïðàâëåíèÿ, áèçíåñà è òåõíîëîãèé»
A study of
the issues management process
Based on the definition and nature of the term
"diagnosis", the structuring of the process of managerial diagnostics
allows you to select a certain number of component processes: gathering
information about the diagnostic object, the holding on the basis of its
analysis and subsequent measurement (phase estimation). So check the contents
of the main processes.
Analysis is the process of system analysis, which is
based on the decomposition principle with the further finding of the
characteristics in the statistics and dynamics of the constituent elements of
the system. They are examined in interconnection with other components of the
system and the external environment.
The analysis is carried out to drill down to data
systems for more complete and effective use or for making decisions to improve
the system or its replacement. In this case, the analysis is used to examine
alternatives when creating a new system to determine the best option.
The system has a plurality of measurable and
non-measurable properties. They can be expressed using quantitative and/or
qualitative indicators, parameters and characteristics [1, p. 311]. Using the
tools, models and methods of analysis a researcher studying the indices P and
then evaluates them in accordance with the specified (normative) parameters. In
the assessment process among a large number of measured data P* = P*U P*are
fixed indicators N*N that do not meet set requirements, and data P*Y, which
correspond to these requirements. According to the evaluation results, develop
recommendations and activities to address the identified deficiencies, to
improve the system or its replacement.
To find the
object of analysis are the following:
- the study reveals enterprise management system;
- define goals and objectives of the system operation;
-performed initial decomposition of the system with
separation of the management bodies in the system (control subsystem), control
objects and the external environment;
-if the need arises, the subsystems and the external
environment factors positively affecting (partners) and negatively
(competitors) on the functioning of the entire system;
-defined types and forms of influence of the
management body (the management subsystem) and response of facilities
management and environmental impacts;
- identifies the main requirements that apply to the
system under study, and is based on the General algorithm of its functioning,
as defined by the goals and objectives of the management system.
Structural analysis is performed to study the static
characteristics of the system through the allocation to her of related
subsystems and elements of different management levels and identify
relationships and interactions between levels and subsystems [2, p. 237].
The objects of study in structural analysis are the
various options of organizational structures, which allow from all
of the parties to evaluate the most important
properties of the system as a whole.
The main studied parameters of structures include:
- the plurality of allocated elements, relations and
connections between them:
- characteristics of selected elements and existing
relationships;
-generalized the analysis of indicators of the
investigated structures reflect their impact on the effective functioning of
the management system (the number of management levels, span of control for
each level, the stability of the structure, the economic costs to support the
desired characteristics, etc.)
In the selection and evaluation of the identified
values that characterize the structure, using different techniques and methods
of their description and modeling using the theory of graphical and matrix
calculations [3, p. 308]. Also used analytical and mathematical dependence of
the complex and integral indicators of efficiency of functioning of structures
from individual values of its elements and the relationships build between
them.
gc= Fc(h1, h2,...hn, h12, h13,...hn-1,n) (1.1)
where gc is the indicator chosen to assess the
structure.
hi, hij – indices of elements and relations,
respectively; i,j = 1,2...., n;
n is the number of elements.
The study of models and evaluation of the
organizational structure is based on specific numeric values hi, hij as a
result of this on the obtained dependencies Fc, specific indicator is
calculated gc and assessment is done. The evaluation developed initial
recommendations for the restructuring or improving the structure (the
introduction of new or the elimination of old, existing not effectively
elements and relationships, clarification of the relationship of elements, or
increasing or decreasing the number of levels in the management of the
enterprise, etc.).
In one system it is possible to build a large number
of different private organizational structures. This allows you to make
property hierarchy organizational systems, as well as a variety of relations,
relationships and other properties and elements of the system. Through the
division or regrouping of elements, highlighting certain relationships and
interconnections, taking into account different combinations of properties
inherent in the elements, it is possible to analyze different structures of the
same organizational system, determining their advantages and disadvantages and
highlight key areas for improvement [4, p. 333].
The procedure
for constructing the structural analysis consists of the following, the most
commonly encountered stages:
1. The decomposition of the analyzed system into
subsystems that are of interest to the researcher, as well as elements,
principles of structures and their characteristics.
2. Identifying qualitative and quantitative parameters
(indices, values) in the selected structure (evaluation of the organizational
structure).
3. The construction of criteria for evaluating the
effectiveness of a dedicated researcher of structures or subsystems.
4. The development and adoption of the decision on the
improvement of the evaluated structures and characteristics of the
organizational system.
Structural
analysis for the study of economic systems has characteristic features that it
includes additionally the statement and the decision of following primary
goals:
assessment and rational calculation of the number of
levels in the enterprise management system;
- transformation of governing bodies and their
composition existing internal relations and relations;
- calculation of limit values and the number of
performers who are subordinate authorities and individual managers;
- definition of rational number of management
personnel and the overall system at a particular number of existing performers;
assessment and allocation in the system of governance
in order to provide the necessary stability, reactivity and efficiency of the
control system.
Functional
analysis is carried out together with the structural or organizational analysis
and inextricably associated with it [5].
The main goal of functional analysis is the study of
the characteristics of the system dynamics by identifying the process changes
its state over time and on the basis adopted by the company, schemes of
operation.
The objects of study in conducting functional analysis
are implemented this system methods and control algorithms. Being studied the
General algorithm of its functioning, it includes all the key functions in
management, and private methods and schemes aimed at the implementation of
specific management phases (development management objectives, the collection
and analysis of existing information, decision making, organization and
execution of decisions, etc.).
Key indicators
of the business processes and the functioning of the system include:
1. The duration of a full cycle of operation;
2. The time taken to achieve the goal;
3. The degree and level of compliance with the
outcomes and results goals in the enterprise management system;
4. Costs and resources the achievement of management
objectives;
5. The value of the whole complex of tasks to be
solved in the process of functioning of the management system in General.
In the process of functional analysis models are built
functioning that reflect and characterize the processes and changes of the
object state, who directed management impact and influence of these processes
on the effectiveness of management. Integrated characterization and modeling of
applied functional diagrams and network diagrams, and to simulate the operation
of individual elements of the system and address specific management tasks
depending on the source characteristics and tasks, you can apply various models
for optimal enterprise management (deterministic and stochastic) and developing
solutions.
Based on the
selected evaluation indicators, it is concluded that the efficiency of the
investigated processes, and develop recommendations on amendments to the list
of task management systems, their interrelations with tasks the individual
subsystems and methods on the basis of which decisions are made. Also
highlighted new challenges, enhancing management effectiveness, are formed
proposal to rationalize the use of resources and improvement of private and
General control algorithms.
The functional analysis procedure can be divided into
stages:
1. Characterization of the overall management process,
which is adopted in the system under study;
2. The separation management process on a separate
private tasks, operations, or functions that the individual elements of the
enterprise management system.
3. The determination of indicators of qualitative and
quantitative nature in the analyzed business processes and management
functions.
4. Construction criteria and evaluation on their basis
the effectiveness of the management system and its functioning.
5. Making a reasoned decision about the need to
improve the functional characteristics of the enterprise management system.
Functional analysis of economic systems share the
following characteristics:
- identification of management objectives and the
formation of the tree of objectives that correspond to the hierarchy and
structure of the enterprise management system.
- building a list and internal content of the key
tasks of enterprise management, the establishment of their relationship on the
inputs and outputs of information.
- analysis and estimation of rational distribution of
functions in the control system between the individual organs and specific
leaders.
- analysis and identification of rights and
responsibilities, the level and nature of responsibility and the co-ordination
of bodies and individuals who hold positions involving the solution of control
problems.
- conducting research and development of methods for
improving the efficiency in the solution of control problems.
Information analysis is carried out for the purposes
of the study characteristics, quantitative and qualitative data useful for use
in the control system. The objects under test are flows of information and
various data arrays, which are formed in the process of enterprise management,
methods, techniques and means of transmission, further processing, storage in
databases, views, users, input and output in the management process.
In the process
of analysis the following indicators apply:
1. Total volume and speed information;
2. The reliability of the transmitted information;
3. The flow directions of the information;
4. Assessment of methods of information processing and
allowable errors;
5. Qualitative analysis of the information structure.
According to the results of information analysis are
developed preliminary recommendations on the provision of information system of
enterprise management, which include the specificity of the information, its
structure, necessary for the proper interaction of components of the system
and, in General, its functioning, structure, information exchange, etc.
Information
for economic analysis of management systems arrays and explores the flow of
information with regard to existing types of communication and interaction of
individual elements of the systems and subsystems: the man and man; man and
machine; and the machine.
Parametric
analysis generalizes the results of all the above areas of analysis, it does so
for the purpose of assessing the effectiveness of the management of
quantitative values of indicators characterizing her. Objects of this analysis
are private and overall performance of the system, expressed in the outline
hierarchy. The highest level of this structure belong to the indicators
characterizing the external properties of the system, which enable to assess
its impact on the efficiency of building and solving the task supervising
system, and lower levels correspond to the individual characteristics of the
elements of the system of enterprise management.
The main
problem in conducting a parametric analysis can be called to find the necessary
and sufficient set of indicators able to characterize all the properties of the
system. and dependencies, which allow the required accuracy to assess their
relative influence at different levels of diagnostics of the control system.
These dependencies can be expressed in the following form:
DP = Fï (hi), (1.2)
where DP is an efficiency index that characterizes the
cumulative effect of the application system;
i =1,2,...n;
hi – private performance (parameters) of the system,
describing its structure, processes, function, the information flows and other
properties in the i– th level of the study.
Based on the results of the parametric analysis, the
conclusion is formed about the feasibility of using the investigated system,
and identifies the most important areas for improvement, which are able to
improve those indicators that are most actively influence the efficiency of
enterprise management.
Therefore, we can conclude that at this stage a
diagnosis is necessary for justification of the project and consistent
implementation of measures for improvement of the management system on a
modified process.
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