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ïðàâî.
The
essence of environmental safety and its impact on development in the context of
globalization
Kazakhstan
The country has developed a very intense
radiation environment, which leads to an increase in the incidence and
mortality from cancer, immune system disorders and genetiches¬kogo status of
the population. Threat of radiation situation in the country is the large number
of spent radioactive sources that have not been neutralized and conservation
and can cause serious accidents. Republic inherited about 40 companies
oboron¬noy industry of the Soviet Union. Kazakhstan has been actively involved
in the production of spare nuclear weapons in the Soviet Union. In addition to
the Semipalatinsk test site ispytatelno¬go, there is less known, now inactive,
"Azgir", "Meridian", "batholith",
"Lear", "Galit", "Sayotesh." On-site
"Lear" at depths of 700-900 m was created six cavities volume of
45-66 thousand. Cubic meters for storage of condensate Karachaganak field.
International Environmental bezopas¬nost is an
important prerequisite ustoychi¬vogo world development. There is considerable
dostatoch¬no Number of scientific publications, soder¬zhaschih a different
concept ekologi¬cheskoy security. However, it is clear that environmental
security - a state of security for the individual, society and the effects of
anthropogenic gosudar¬stva vozdey¬stviya on the environment, as well as natural
disasters and catastrophes. Ekolo¬gicheskaya security - it sostoya¬nie
sustainable environment, providing voz¬mozhnost improve the quality of life of
people, protection from natural and man-made disasters, the possibility of
steady progress of society and the state. International ekolo¬gicheskaya
security is a relatively new concept and it emerged in the late 80s, when many
developed countries, peresmatri¬vaya security concept included in it not only
traditional military but also netradi¬tsionnye threats, among which was one
environmental major. The session General¬noy Assembly in 1987, the USSR
vystu¬pil resolution on International ekologiches¬koy security, and then a year
later predlo¬zhil international regime of environmental safety and basic tools for
its implementation. These initiatives of the Soviet Union were largely a
response to the Chernobyl disaster and the desire to demonstrate to the
international community for new approaches to environmental issues. The world
community has also started to take shape at the same time a new environmental
policy and environmental razvi¬vatsya social movement and environmental
publicity that before prak¬ticheski completely absent. It is obvious that
international environmental security is directly related to neob¬hodimostyu
maintaining international global natural resource po¬tentsiala and the required
quality of the environment. It is likely both that this condition can not be
realized without effek¬tivnogo interaction of international and national legal
mechanisms otvechayu¬schih norms of international law regarding the safe use of
natural resources and their protection. Requirements of international security
at the same time ekolo¬gicheskoy should certainly dominate the national
priro¬doohrannom legislation. In scientific lite¬rature there are different
concepts and dok¬triny attitudes towards nature. This, for example, the concept
of consumer otnoshe¬niya to nature, the essence of which lies in the fact that
natural resources can be extracted for unlimited development of material
proiz¬vodstva. In contrast, where, in the nature of non-interference
kon¬tseptsiya osnovy¬vaetsya on that should not have tried to change it in the
interests of society. Later ograniche¬niya concept of economic development,
population needs and based on the containment of all the parameters of the
global economy. Each of these concepts, with serious methodological and social
disadvantages, has not received full recognition, but nevertheless, a number of
the ideas contained in them were polozhey the basis of the concept of
sustainable development. At the heart of any concept aimed at izme¬nenie the
world's attitude to okru¬zhayuschey environment should be based on agreed
actions based on ubezh¬denii that environmental protection can be achieved only
through joint usi¬liyami. Basic principles and methods of protection are fixed
in the documents podpi¬sannyh States Parties mezhduna¬rodnyh agreements, which
are sources of international environmental law. These primarily include
documents prinya¬tye at the Stockholm Conference 1972 United Nations, United
Nations Conference on the Protection of okruzhayu¬schey environment and
development in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, the Millennium Summit in New York in
2000, the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg in 2002,
which are the strategic direction for achieving sustainable development [1].
In an era of global interdependence,
environmental security has become neotemle¬mym element of human consciousness.
Came into use the concept of "environmental crisis", "ecological
disaster" requiring as they exit the set of urgent measures which, in
turn, is closely related to the "ecological modernization", the
formation of ecological culture and environmental ethics. Recognition
su¬schestvovaniya global problems resulted in the isolation of independent
branch of knowledge -Global (or planetary) environment, orien¬tirovannoy
vzaimootnoshe¬ny to resolve all of humanity with the environment in order to
preserve it. Inability to solve global environmental problems by any single
country contributed to the revision of priorities of foreign policy and
international relations greening. In most countries, government measures began
to be combined resursoohrannye meropriya¬tiya and competitive production of environmentally
friendly products. Environmental policy has become structured, the necessary
focus of any state. Participation in international environmental cooperation is
seen as an essential element in strengthening bezopas¬nosti country. In
addition, it is a question of political prestige mezhduna¬rodnogo state
reflected its ability to react quickly and appropriately to the planetary or
global changes [2].
Environmental security in modern conditions is
considered as an integral and important part of the security of the individual,
society and state. The main subject of environmental bezopas¬nosti State is
exercising its functions in this area through the organs of the national
legislature, and the judiciary ispolnitel¬noy. The main objects of
environmental safety are:
• -lichnost with its right to health and life
blago¬priyatnuyu for the environment;
• -obschestvo with its material and duhov¬nymi
values, depending on the state of the country ekologiches¬kogo;
• -Natural resources and the environment as a basis
for sustainable development of society and blago¬poluchiya future generations;
Thus, the ecological bezopas¬nost - a sustainable
environment, provides an opportunity uluchshe¬niya quality of life of society
and the state. [3]
International environmental security is a
relatively new concept that emerged in the late 80s. Russian writer T.A.Akimova
in his textbook "Ecology: people - the economy - Biota - Environment"
notes that various circumstances lead to the fact that the concept of
"nature conservation" finds a weak sound and weak response. Sounds
much more impressive concept of security, especially gosudarstven¬noy.
Therefore, the most urgent environmental problems makes sense to consider from
a security standpoint. The author, in turn, highlights that under environmental
safety imply environmental impacts as a result of which changes may occur in
the environment and thereby change the conditions of existence of man and
society. Under the security means a qualitative state of society and
gosudar¬stva in which protected every person's rights and civil liberties, as
well as the reliability of the existence and stability of the country's
development, the protection of its core values, material and spiritual sources
of life, gosudarstven¬nogo sovereignty, independence territo¬rialnoy and
integrity from internal and external enemies. This is a typical definition
bezopas¬nosti. The sum of the conditions under which achieved science-based or
practical isklyu¬chenie harmful influence of economic deya¬telnosti on people's
lives and the quality of okru¬zhayuschey environment provides environmental
safety. Environmental security dos¬tigaetsya system events (prognozirova¬nie,
planning, and implementation of advance podgotov¬ka profilaktiches¬kih complex
measures), providing a minimum level of adverse effects of natural and
technological processes of its development on the livelihoods and health of the
people while maintaining adequate rates ekonomichesko¬go development.
Environmental security osu¬schestvlyaetsya within all forms of industry
management, including direct and opos¬redovannoe impact on human rights at all
levels - global, regional and lokal¬nom. Humanity at all stages of its
existence is constantly exposed to harmful environmental factors
mnogo¬chislennym from external forces. Attitude towards these events were
different - from humble recognition "God's will" to create a
protective and preventive measures. For a long time the concept of security in
the narrow sense traktova¬los: security of territory from external invasion,
protection of national interests through foreign policy activity, global
security from nuclear annihilation ugro¬zy. This concept otnosi¬los largely to
the states, not the people. Developed countries are busy solving their social
and economic problems, competition for markets. Razvi¬vayuschiesya country,
recently won nezavi¬simost, acutely aware of any real or perceived threats to
their fragile national sovereignty. For ordinary people, security is
undisturbed povsednev¬noy life. For many of them it means there is no threat of
disease, hunger, bezrabo¬titsy, crime, social conflict, political repression
and environmental katas¬trof. For most people, the feeling of insecurity is the
result of more troubles of everyday life than from predchuv¬stviya a global
catastrophe. The history of civilization shows that between the safety and
quality of life, there is some competition. Security solutions must be sought
through consensus among the political, environmental, and social demands
ekono¬micheskimi [4].
In environmental safety re¬shayuschuyu role
played by the state. Glavenst¬vuyuschaya role of the state as the main subject
of environmental security in sozda¬nii and organization of effective national
system funktsio¬nirovaniya ekolo¬gicheskoy security due sleduyu¬schimi
circumstances. Firstly, natsional¬naya safety in general and environmental
safety in particular, is closely obra¬zom involve fundamental human rights to
life, health, healthy environment. Main guarantor obes¬pecheniya these rights
is the state as a political institution, having naibol¬shy level of
differentiation and specialization of internal structures. Secondly, it has
gosu¬darstvo most significant and powerful "resource arsenal"
necessary for an effective response to ekologiches¬kim hazards, threats and
risks. Third, the most serious environmental risks and threats, as a rule,
ambitious in its para¬metram, territory, time effects. Accordingly, effective
and comprehensive response is possible to provide only under the auspices of
the state. In modern times in the context of globalization it would be absurd
utverzh¬dat that the concept of environmental security is limited to safety
only one state. In recent years, under the security ekologi¬cheskoy understand
complex conditions, phenomena and actions obespechivayu¬schy ecological balance
on Earth. From the standpoint of national security concept essence of
environmental safety raskry¬vaetsya through the category of interests of the
individual and society. In this case, national interests are the nation's
health and soh¬rannost natural resource potential. Both figures are an
important condition for sustainable socio-dal¬neyshego ekonomiches¬kogo
development. Thus environmental bezopas¬nost primarily chelove¬cheskoe
measurement must be due to the special nature mes¬tom person. A person's health
is a kind of measure for opredele¬niya blagopryatnosti environmental conditions
sre¬dy. Based on the above "ekologiches¬kaya security" - a state of
security of life and the process of objects, but rather a man of the state,
society, environment pri¬rodnoy from the real and potential threats to human or
natural prois¬hozhdeniya [5].
Environmental problems today because of the
global nature of the degradation moved to another level, and ceased to be a subject
of study only such science as "Ecology". This is explained by several
factors. First, in the process of development of communication between
different regions of the world steadily strengthened, bringing humanity
naturally come to a situation where serious problems vozni¬kayuschie in some
regions of the earth, will inevitably affect the condition of the entire
planet. This effect is observed in all spheres, including environmental.
Second, no less important reason was the development of scientific and technical
progress, the consequences of which appeared in virtually all spheres of human
activity. The deterioration of the global environmental si¬tuatsii on earth is
characterized by a qualitative change and complexity of the international
situation. The rapid development of globalization has caused further
trans¬formatsiyu international relations. Vzaimo¬proniknovenie national
economies razvi¬tie information exchange in the world, scientific and
technological progress in the aggregate to the fact that the process of
globalization more rasshi¬rilsya. In the new context of globalization obs-given
transformation of the structure of security. To date, finding themselves in an
exacerbation of the environmental crisis, countries are taking all possible
measures for sustainable development and develop the concept of public
natsio¬nalnye bezopas¬nosti in which environmental security is of paramount
nature such as environmental safety is an important prerequisite for
sustainable global development. Issues of environmental bezo¬pasnosti and
sustainable development issues are of particular relevance today and are
treated as the most paramount for each state. To date, in the context of
globalization for any country environmental safety obyaza¬telnoy considered
necessary and the most important part of the overall government policy.
Eko¬logicheskaya security of each individual state determines the overall
political stability and mezhduna¬rodnuyu bezo¬pasnost world. At the present
stage of its development chelo¬vechestvo faced with large-scale environmental
problems. Pollution vod¬nyh resources, shrinking forests, the extinction of
species, waste disposal - these and other problems can not be solved by the
efforts of a single state. Cohesion and integration poli¬tiki different states
participated obschestven¬nosti can serve as a powerful tool for environmental
protection and safety.
Literature
1. Ecological
problems of Kazakhstan (www.kisi.kz/img/docs/1268.pdf date of the last visit -
11.12.2007).
2. Baideldinov DL
Environmental legislation of Kazakhstan. - Almaty. 1995.
3. Reimers NF Natural
resources. M. 1999.
4.Sarsembekov VT
Environmental security Ki¬tayskoy People's Republic of modern mezhdu¬narodnyh
relations: Author. diss.kand. ist. Sciences: 07.00.15. - Almaty, 2007.
5. VN Morozov Global
environmental policy and international environmental cooperation // Ucheb¬no
handbook for schools. - Voronezh, 2007.