Musin Kuat Saniyazdanovich

Department of constitutional and international law, Karaganda State University named after Evnei Arystanovich Buketov, Karaganda, Kazakhstan

Role of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization in foreign policy of Kazakhstan

Before starting disclosure of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and a role of Kazakhstan in this international organization it is necessary to study prerequisites of emergence of the foreign policy relations of Kazakhstan. Analyzing the introduction of interstate policy of the Kazakh khanate and modern Kazakhstan, it is possible to notice analogy of introduction of foreign policy between modern policy of Kazakhstan and the policy pursued by governors of the Kazakh khanate. At the time of existence of the Kazakh khanate, his governors maneuvered between powerful empires Imperial Russia and Tsin Empire, thereby conducting a two-track policy that most likely prolonged existence of the Kazakh statehood [1]. At the end of the 20th century after finding of independence one of the priority problems of foreign policy of Kazakhstan was an adjustment of cooperation between the countries of the international scene. Our current president N. A. Nazarbayev outlined contours of Kazakhstan’s foreign policy, having designated its multi-vector character, having noted that "Republic has to have a reasonable balance between Europe and Asia. Though, certainly, Kazakh people have deep joint roots with the Turkic people" [2]. Already the first initiatives of sovereign Kazakhstan showed to the world community peaceful character of foreign policy of our republic directed on creation of the atmosphere of mutual trust and cooperation, on development of equal relations with all states and the international organizations. Foreign policy activity of Kazakhstan at the initial stages of its formation was directed for creation favorable macro - and the micro-political relations for worthy entry of Kazakhstan to the world community. In more than 20 years from the moment of independence finding Kazakhstan achieved unknown heights almost in all fields of activity including foreign policy, having proved as the independent and full subject of the international relations. It is caused by its favorable geographical position on border of two continents, Europe and Asia, between key participants of the international relations, the Russian Federation and People's Republic of China. Now Kazakhstan is deservedly perceived on the international scene having built thereby the relations of friendship and mutually beneficial cooperation with the neighboring and leading states. Main foreign policy priorities are protection of national interests abroad, advance of peacekeeping initiatives, ensuring regional and global security, protection of the rights and interests of our citizens, attraction of direct foreign investments, strengthening of the international and bilateral cooperation. Today Kazakhstan is the active member of many international organizations, among them are UN, OSCE, SCO, OIC, the CSTO, the CIS and others. Kazakhstan signed more than three thousand international treaties of interstate, intergovernmental and interdepartmental level. I emphasize in more detail on such international organization as the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), on its prerequisites of emergence, problems and prospects, a role and a place of Kazakhstan in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. The 60th years of the XX century were put prerequisites to creation of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation when USSR and the People's Republic of China entered negotiations on permission of territorial disputes. After disintegration of the Soviet Union there were new negotiators in the person of Russia and the states of Central Asia. After the People's Republic of China resolved territorial disputes with the neighboring states of the CIS (Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan), there was a possibility of further development of regional cooperation [3]. As the uniting factor the main role was played by the civil war in Afghanistan between troops of Northern alliance and the Taliban creating a threat to security of all five states. Due to the sharp activization of the international terrorism, religious extremism and ethnic separatism 1996 and 1997, heads of five states at meetings in Shanghai and Moscow signed "The agreement on confidence-building in military area in border areas" and "The agreement on mutual reduction of armed forces in border areas" that became the important historical stage which led to start of the mechanism under the name "Shanghai Five". The subsequent annual summits of participants of the Shanghai five took place in Moscow in 1997, Alma-Ata (Kazakhstan) in 1998, in Bishkek (Kyrgyzstan) in 1999 and to Dushanbe (Tajikistan) in 2000.

By the time of carrying out the Bishkek summit creation of constant mechanisms of cooperation began: meetings of ministers and expert groups, there were national coordinators appointed by each country, "The Bishkek group" was created where heads of law enforcement agencies and intelligence services for fight against border crime entered. The new international organization started developing. In 2001 the meeting was held in Shanghai. Then five member countries admitted Uzbekistan that entailed renaming of the organization into the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation or "The Shanghai six" to structure of the organization. The first documents accepted by SCO, "Declaration on Creation of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation", "Shanghai Convention on Fight Against Terrorism, Separatism and Extremism" and "Joint Statement on Connection of Uzbekistan to the Mechanism "Shanghai Five "" steel. The declaration on creation of SCO is signed at a meeting of heads of six states in Shanghai on June 15, 2001. At the summit in St. Petersburg the Charter of SCO (I came into force on September 19, 2003) — the basic authorized document fixing the purposes, the principles, structure and the main activities of the Organization is accepted on June 7, 2002.

Signing in Bishkek became on August 16, 2007 an important step in strengthening of legal base of association. The contract on long-term neighborliness, friendship and cooperation which creates prerequisites for a conclusion of versatile interaction to qualitatively new level. So far ratification procedures were finished by Kyrgyzstan, China and Russia [4]. Proceeding from "The Shanghai spirit" in the relations in the organization, member states of SCO adhere to the principles of mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality, mutual consultations, respect for variety of cultures and aspiration to joint development, and in external relations adheres to the principle of not alliance, not an orientation against someone and openness. As for structure of SCO that the supreme body for decision-making in SCO is Council of heads of member states (SGG), he gathers once a year and makes decisions and instructions on all important questions of the organization. The following supreme body of SCO is Council of heads of governments of member states of SCO (SGP), he gathers for discussion of strategy of multilateral cooperation and the priority directions within the organization, the solution of fundamental and topical issues of economic and other cooperation once a year, and also approves the annual budget of the organization. Also, there operates the mechanism of meetings at the level of heads of parliaments, secretaries of security councils, Ministers of Foreign Affairs, defenses, emergency situations, economy, transport, culture, education, health care, heads of law-enforcement departments, the Supreme and arbitration courts, Generals Attorneys. Council of national coordinators of member states (SNK) of SCO serves as the coordination mechanism within SCO. The organization has two permanent bodies - the Secretariat in Beijing, Executive committee of Regional anti-terrorist structure in Tashkent. Also at the organization there is created the Interbank Consortium. The general secretary and the Director of Executive committee are appointed by Council of Heads of states for a period of three years. Since January 1, 2013 these posts are held by D.F.Mezentsev (Russia) and Zhang Sinfen (China). The total area of member states of SCO equals about 30 million 189 thousand sq.km that makes 3/5 areas of Eurasia, and the population - 1.5 billion. the person that makes 1/4 all population of the globe [5].

All years of existence as the independent state of Kazakhstan I pursued very sure foreign policy, entering various international organizations. Kazakhstan - is one of five countries standing at the origins of emergence of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. In this organization Kazakhstan takes a key place because of the geographical arrangement in the center of the territory of SCO. Cooperation within SCO is the priority direction of foreign policy of Kazakhstan. The president of Kazakhstan N. Nazarbayev specifies that the fastest formation of SCO as the authoritative international organization is one of the priority strategic directions of foreign policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Active creative work of all member states of the organization has to become a powerful factor in ensuring regional and global security, in dynamic development of multilateral trade and economic cooperation. Experts consider that participation of Kazakhstan in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation becomes more and more fruitful now. SCO took very important place in foreign policy of the country, from time to time restricting other directions. It is connected with that the leadership of Kazakhstan realizes that important role which by the present moment plays Kazakhstan on the world scene as a peculiar bridge between Europe and Asia and in the power sphere, and in geopolitics [6]. Owing to the geopolitical situation Kazakhstan in principle can't pursue unilateral policy, be guided on someone "force pole". Kazakhstan is compelled to balance constantly between interests of large powers and only so can effectively provide the national interests.

I dictated participation in SCO to Kazakhstan and an instinct of the state self-preservation: at the beginning of the XXI century of national security of the republic many challenges are thrown down. Among them both the international terrorism, and "export" of radical Islam, both arms trafficking and drugs, and streams of illegal migration. Alone it would be too difficult to cope with them. Therefore it isn't casual that one of the first and major documents of SCO is the Convention on fight against terrorism, separatism and extremism. As B. Nurgaliyev, the former ambassador of Kazakhstan noted - "It is well-known that the president of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev pays priority attention to the questions connected with SCO. Kazakhstan is one of consecutive supporters of the regional integration based on coinciding or close understanding of both new calls, and prospects of transformation of the Euroasian space into the region of the world, stability and wellbeing". Interaction within SCO allowed Kazakhstan to settle a number of controversial territorial issues, and systematic and transparent reduction of armed forces in border areas discharged residual elements of military-political intensity. Besides, the intensification of a mutually advantageous trade and economic exchange between SCO member countries significantly influences the general strategic landscape of the region, displacing accents from military-political area in area of peaceful economic interaction. On June 11, 2010 Kazakhstan admitted the chairman's duties to SCO. One of the main priorities of Kazakhstan on a post of the head of SCO is peacekeeping, safety and stability in the region of Central Asia. Speaking at the summit of the organization the President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev declared that assistance of Kyrgyzstan will become one of presidency priorities. In this regard the head of the republic urged the countries of SCO to help "to overcome Kyrgyzstan present difficulties, to preserve the peace and stability, to move on the way of improvement in the social and economic sphere". Despite an external monolithic look, experts note a number of problems on which contradictions in policy of members of SCO the most serious of which concerns a divergence of political and economic interests of the powers of Russia and China which are observed. China, considering SCO countries as a perspective sales market, considers that priorities of SCO between anti-terrorist and economic activity have to share equally, and in the long term economic strategy can take the main place in activity of the organization. Russia, on the contrary, insists on preservation of traditional activity of SCO in the field of fight against manifestations of "three evils" (on terminology of SCO): terrorism, extremism and separatism and, being afraid of establishment of economic hegemony of China in Post-Soviet Asia, makes efforts to constrain offers of Beijing on an intensification of economic cooperation within SCO. However, China can be not interested in building of a military, anti-terrorist component unlike Russia and the countries of Central Asia as China generally solved a problem (Uigur) terrorism. Disagreements between China and Russia are brightly shown concerning questions of expansion of the organization. In particular disagreement between them concerning reception of new members in SCO. This disagreement is shown, in particular, that Russia supports the accession to the organization (the traditional ally) of India and in this regard agrees to accession (traditionally friendly to China of Pakistan) while China treats similar plans enough watchfully. It is obvious that similar expansion (and first of all in view of the entry of India) will create a considerable counterbalance to China and, undoubtedly, for a long time will slow down any plans for creation of a free trade zone within SCO. In June, 2011 (on the eve of the summit of SCO in Astana) the President of Kazakhstan N. A. Nazarbayev declared that desire of a number of the countries - observers of SCO to become full members of the organization is "quite reasonable", but at the same time "the future expansion of SCO shouldn't become end in itself and furthermore to go to damage of the organization or to substitute original sense of its existence" [7]. This vision found understanding and at other countries of the Shanghai alliance, and, as a result, at the following summit in Beijing member states of the organization made, in particular, the decision that the countries which are under sanctions of the UN Security Council (as, for example, Iran), can't become members of SCO.

Despite developed problems the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, expressing the general aspiration of the people of member states, continues to work successfully in interests of the world, cooperation and development. Realization in practice of the principles of "the Shanghai spirit" – mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality, mutual consultations, respect of variety of cultures, aspiration to joint development, promoted formation of effective model of the interstate relations of friendship and cooperation. The organization, combining efforts of member states, I became the guarantor of the world and forward development, ensures safety, stability and development on space of SCO, resolutely resists to terrorism, separatism, extremism, a drug trafficking and cross-border organized crime, develops regional cooperation, strengthening the relations of neighborliness and trust. Member states consistently make efforts on confidence-building in military area around border and take necessary measures in order to avoid border disputes for the benefit of the world, tranquility and stability. Member states will and strengthen cooperation within the Organization for removal it on the new level and transformations of space of SCO into the region of the long-term world, friendship, prosperity and harmony from now on [8].

Creation of SCO served the solution of the main problems of modern mankind (terrorism, extremism, separatism) having prevented thereby many threats to security concerning SCO member countries. Thus the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation collected in a fist all forces of fight against terrorism, extremism, separatism for the sake of safety and stability, the world and prosperity of the countries of the Shanghai six. Further development of this organization has to reduce significantly quantity of acts of terrorism, prevent extremism and separatism, to develop economic, political and other relations between the participating states of SCO.

List of references:

1. Ablay-khan. Domestic and foreign policy. R. B. Suleymenov, V.A. Moiseyev. Almaty, "Zhazushy", 2001.

2. Zhigalov K.V., Sultanov B. K. First president of the Republic of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev. The chronicle of activity (1.12.1991 — 31.05.1993). - Almaty, 1993. – P. 8 — 9.

3. Komissina I. N., Kurtov A.A. Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. – 252 р.

4.http://newsruss.ru

5.http://www.sectsco.org

6. Increasing role of Kazakhstan in SCO // Novoye Vremya. - 24.05.10.

7. Nazarbayev H.A. SCO: ten years of history. Russian newspaper. - June 3, 2011.

8. DECLARATION of heads of member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation on creation of the region of the long-term world and joint prosperity // http://www.akorda.kz