Loseva O. V.
Financial University
under the Government of the Russian Federation,
branch in Penza, Russia, e-mail: lov191171@yandex.ru
Analysis of the problems of
innovative development of the Russian economy, associated with human capital
The
reasons for the low competitiveness of the national innovation system are
embedded in our view, not only in poor condition and inefficient use of
physical, financial and intellectual resources, much as the functioning of human
and institutional resources.
This conclusion is supported by studies of the
World Bank for the year 2012, according to which the knowledge economy index
(KEI) Russia occupies 55-th place in the ranking of 145 countries [2]. The KEI
is calculated based on the average of the normalized scores of a
country or region on all four pillars related to the knowledge economy –
economic incentive and institutional regime, education, innovation and ICT. According
to the last three indices is Russia respectively 40th and 44th places,
significantly lagging behind the world's leading economies. Lowest for Russia
is the index of institutional regime (117th place), which characterizes the
overall ability of a society and its institutions to make effective use of existing
and creation of new knowledge.
This, in
our view, a direct consequence of the negative trends of innovative development
of the Russian economy, related to human factors. The key ones are:
1) low
level of innovation culture in organizations and the public, forming
unfavorable demand for innovation;
2) lack
of quality training for innovation and research activities, the inability of
workers to implement innovative technology to generate fundamentally new ideas;
3) the
ineffectiveness of innovation management and government agencies in the field
of science, technology and innovation, which often hamper the development of
innovative processes and reduce the impact of human capital.
1. The
level of innovation culture of innovation is a state of susceptibility
individual, group, community, and their willingness and ability to develop
existing innovation, development and commercialization of radical innovations. In
fact innovative culture shapes the demand for innovation in society.
In Russia, the
willingness of consumers to purchase innovative products instead used according
to Special Eurobarometer-236 [4] is assessed as very low: out of 24 European
countries, Russia has 22 seats. 26% of the population is not willing to buy
innovative products in the UK - 9%, Sweden - 7%, and in Slovenia - only 6%.
Together with a decline in consumer demand in
Russia reduced the level of scientific literacy. The data of the study
population's perception of scientific results show that almost all positions
Russia takes place only in the thirties of the 38 countries surveyed [5, p.14].
Thus, according to the interest in new inventions and technology, Russia was
only 31 seats, with 36% of the population believe that in everyday life
scientific knowledge are not necessary. By a combined indicator of the level of
scientific literacy, which was calculated as the average number of correct
answers to the test questions proposed, Russia took place only 32 (46%
correct).
A separate problem - insufficient people's
desire for ongoing training, learning and self-learning. According to
statistics [3] part of the population in the age group 25-60 years in
continuing education in 2010 amounted to an average of 16.7%, while in the UK -
37.6%, Germany - 41.9%, in Finland - 77.3%.
The analysis showed a low level of creative,
social, cultural and entrepreneurial skills. Their formation is recognized as
one of the priorities in the Strategy of innovative development of the Russian
Federation until 2020. This will enhance the innovative activity of employees,
accelerate the development of small business, increase the chances of
commercialization of scientific research and increase demand for innovation.
2. There is a serious problem of providing
innovative business and research sector with qualified personnel. According to
the Global Competitiveness Index 2012-2013, staffing problem for Russia is in
fifth place out of 16 unfavorable for business after corruption, bureaucracy,
bureaucrats, finance and tax rates [6].
The first thing to say about the poor assessment
of the business of vocational education, especially technical and natural
sciences. The level of training of graduates considered not relevant to the
needs of innovative business 30% of corporate executives, graduates of
secondary vocational education - more than 50% of managers. According to
international rankings (Times Higher Education, HEEACT), Russian universities
do not even get the first one hundred world leaders. As a consequence, the lack
of availability of qualified engineers and technicians in the labor market say
47% of the managers of small innovative companies, skilled workers - 49% of
executives, senior managers with experience - 61%.
Number of personnel engaged in research and
development in the business sector of activity in 2005 decreased by almost
74,000 people in the public sector - by 14 thousand. According to the number of
researchers per 1,000 people employed in the economy, Russia is behind more
than 20 countries, including Finland, France, Germany, USA and Japan.
According to a survey of leading Russian
scientists 60% of them say that finding qualified in their field of scientific
work is difficult, and 58% say a severe shortage of staff under 35 years [1].
The reluctance of young people to pursue scientific work and the data say
graduate. Percentage received but not postgraduate young men is on average
35.4%, and the proportion of issued from graduate candidates - only 29.2%.
Analysts at the World Economic Forum
characterize the situation with the "brain drain" in Russia as threatening
- in this respect Russia is 111th [6]. Thus, there is increased competition for
qualified human resources, particularly in innovation-oriented organizations.
The situation with the staff affects the
efficiency of research activities in Russia, which ultimately reduces the
innovative potential of the organization and efficiency of regional innovation
clusters.
3. One reason for the low innovation activity
of Russian companies are problems in managing innovation. Company managers
often do not possess the necessary training in the field of innovation
management and not able to organize the work of staff, not only to create new
technologies, but also ready to implement. On «The ability of companies to
adopt new technologies», Russia is at position 141 out of 144 economies in the
world, the quality of management schools - 115 place in terms of «professional
management to ensure the efficiency of the labor market» - 110 seats [6]. Meanwhile,
the level of top-management system depends on the formation of high-quality and
motivation of innovation staff, the effectiveness of its use and development as
the main subject of innovation in the organization.
Effective State policy recognizes the low 60%
of managers and 51% of scientists. State promotion of entrepreneurial activity
in general and innovation in particular, while also effectively enough,
including at the regional level. In the «profile» of the competitiveness of the
national innovation system, the quality of public administration in 30 Russia's
position in the ranking of the 50 OECD countries, and BRIÑ [1].
The reason for this is the lack of an effective system
of monitoring and analyzing the dynamics of factors of innovation development,
controls the implementation of decisions taken in the area of innovation
policy, based on the performance and competence of management of federal,
regional and municipal authorities.
Our
analysis suggests that human capital is a key factor in the competitiveness of
the Russian innovation system. Effective functioning of the innovation in the
socio-economic actors is a priority of the state policy in the sphere of
science, technology and innovation. In this regard:
- need tools formation and development of
skills of workers (professionals and managers) in the field of research and
development of small innovative enterprises, innovation management and to
develop them in the first place, we need models for assessing intellectual
potential employees;
- requires new methods for evaluating the
effectiveness of employees and their contribution to the commercialization of
innovation as the basis of improving the motivational mechanisms innovation
management personnel and their development, harmonization of the interests of
stakeholders in the management of the business value of innovation-oriented
organization;
- requires regular monitoring of the human
capital of the region, based on an assessment of its innovation capacity and
performance in innovation and entrepreneurship, research, cultural and
educational fields, as part of the monitoring of regional innovation
development in general.
Bibliography:
1. Competing future today: a new
innovation policy for Russia. URL
http://opora.ru/upload/Reserch/OporaRossii-2010_Konkuriruya.pdf.
2. KEI and KI Indexes (KAM 2012) URL http://info.worldbank.org/
etools/kam2/KAM_page5.asp.
3.
On additional professional education of employees in
organizations in 2010. URL
http://www.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat/rosstatsite/main/ population/education/
4.
Population Innovation Readiness. URL http://ec.europa.eu/public_
opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_236_en.pdf.
5.
Shuvalova O. R. "Image" of science: the
public perception of research results // Forsyth, 2007. Number 2 (2). Pp.
50-59.
6.
The Global Competitiveness Report 2012 – 2013. World Economic Forum.
URL http://reports.weforum.org/global-competitiveness-report-2012-2013//