UDC 636.1

DEMANDS TO THE JUMPING HORSE

Lutsenko M. V., Petrushko N. P.

Kharkov State Zooveterenary Academy, Kharkov

The object of the research and relevance. The investigation has been carried out on jumping horses with the age of 7-15 years from the equestrian sporting school of Kharkov State Zooveterenary Academy (KSZA).

Jump – is a specific behavioral act, which needs intensive activity of main physiological systems of horse organism. At a jump a powerful biomechanical efforts develop in horse impellent apparatus.

Measurements have great significance for jumping horses [1]. Height in withers for jumping horse of high sporting class isn`t desirable less, than 167 cm. Horses of hobby class can have a height from 160 cm. Because a horse with a height of 170 cm can clear a hurdle 110-120 cm due to gymnastics, and a horse with a height of 160 cm must make considerable shoved effort. Lack of height can be compensated by the lengthening of trunk only on 2-3 cm, because too lengthy horses aren`t able for jumping, because of bed impulse conduction and back trauma danger.

Horses with a height more than 177 cm are used in a jumping seldom. Because at this height very large weight comes down on horse`s joints during the landing. These horses are often unfit for sport by 13-15 years. Besides that, at this weight correlation of “effective muscular mass” to the total body weight begins to decrease and more “ineffective weight” falls per unit of muscular fibre. Therefore, efficiency of motive apparatus decreases. Optimum index of mass for jumping horse of high sporting class is 3,4-3,7. In last time specialists prefer that this index will be about 3,4, because of increasing speed of jumping routes passing and additional demands to the horse endurance. Shortening of trunk isn`t desirable and can consist 2-3 cm, because it leads to considerable lowering of the back suppleness. Thus, desirable measurements for jumping horses are: the height in the withers (HW) - 167 - 169 сm, the length of the trunk (LT) - 164 - 166 сm, the girth of the chest (GC) - 193 - 195 сm, the girth of the metacarpus (GM) - about 22 cm.

The necessity to verify the above information on practice determines the relevance of the research.

Research methods. All measurements have been taken by measuring tape and measuring stick, index of mass has been calculated by the method described in special literature. Analysis of jumping technique has been carried out on the base of photo and video stuffs of trainings and competitions.

Research results. Comparison of the best jumping horses from the equestrian sporting school of KSZA measurements with the desirable measurements are shown in the table 1.

Table 1.

Indices of measurements of jumping horses from the equestrian sporting school of KSZA

Name	HW, сm	GC, сm	GM, сm	Index of mass
Ficus	160	188	22,0	3,4
Sens	164	188	20,5	3,1
Hala	162	193	20,0	3,3
Barina	170	194	21,0	3,2
Rosinka	163	186	19,5	3,0
At average	163,8	189,8	20,6	3,2
Desirable measurements	167-169	193-195	about 22	3,4-3,7

Jumping horses of the equestrian sporting school yield to optimal indices for horses of this way of using by these measurements and index of mass. But they take part in the competitions of different level enough successfully (table 2) [4]. Because measurements haven`t decisive significance without the biomechanical and the right technique of a jump.

Table 2.

Information about taking part in jumping competitions of horses from the equestrian sporting school of KSZA

Name	Kind of sport	Amount of starts	Local competitions			Regional competitions			Allukrainial competitions
			1 places	2 places	3 places	1 places	2 places	3 places	1 places	2 places	3 places
Ficus	jumping	24	1	3	-	4	2	3	-	1	-
Sens	jumping	19	1	2	1	4	3	2	1	2	-
Hala	jumping	19	2	1	1	3	2	3	-	-	-
Barina	jumping	16	2	2	3	1	2	2	-	-	-
Rosinka	jumping	16	1	1	1	1	2	2	-	-	-

Analysis of horse jump biomechanical.

Immediate before jump horse “gathers”, thus it takes a posture, which is promoted to accomplishment of powerful shove and to realize of suitable flight trajectory [2].

At the clear of a hurdle at first forelimb take off the Earth and rush upwards together with the humeral belt. Hindlimb become straight sharply and push off the ground to forward and upward (fig. 1). During the shove horse`s mass gain a supply of kinetic energy, which allows to realize all following phases.

Figure 1 – Phases of horse jump

After horse`s tearing off the ground supply of kinetic energy couldn`t be supplement. Their rational expenditure by means of redistribution of biomechanical efforts and beginnings of reactive accelerations has decisive significance.

When the humeral belt of a horse is transferred through the hurdle, its pelvic part is much lower. Then the humeral belt passes on the horizontal flight, after that a horse sharply throws forelimb and a head downward (fig. 2). At some short moment it creates the spine bend named “baskul” (fig. 3). Namely active “throw” of the head and humeral belt downward creates that additional reactive force, which is necessary for raising of horse`s trunk to the level of the hurdle height and transferring of pelvic belt and hindlimb through it. If arched state will be taken before a jump, that is to sink the horse`s head, then first centre of mass will sink down just before a jump and horse must to spend more energy for jump [3].

Figure 2 – gelding Ficus

Figure 3 – gelding Ficus

At the passing over a hurdle the stretch into a string, when the head, neck, trunk and limbs are on a one straight, is ideal for horse.

Maximal height of a jump depends on the centre of weight and mass arrangement. Maximal speed of a hurdle`s clear depends on a speed of approach to the hurdle, a speed of a horse forehand raising on the angle of repulsion, a speed of the hindlimb repulsion and the optimal trajectory of a jump. Parts of horse`s body must move as much as possible quickly relatively of each other for the achieved of maximal speed of a jump [5].

Figure 4 – mare Rosinka

Conclusions. Horse`s exterior and measurements have direct influence on its sporting achievement in a jumping. But the right technique of jump, which can considerably compensate shortcomings of the exterior, plays decisive significance. That`s way at the horse`s choose it`s necessary to follow by complex estimation of its exterior and jumping features.

Literature

1. Dyurst U. Exter`er loshadi // Perevod s nemetskogo V. A. Markson /. U. Dyurst. – М.;L.: Sel`hozgiz, 1936. – 343 s.

2. Zemlyanskij V. N. О nekotoryh zakonomernostyah v biomehanike dvizheniya i opory loshadi kak factorah, vliyayush`ih na eyo osnovnuyu productivnost` / V. N. Zemlyanskij // Avtoreferat dissertaciya na soiskanie uchonoj stepeny doctora selskohozyajstvennyh nauk. – К., 1956. – 20 s.

3. Laskov А.А. Podgotovka loshadej verhovyh porod dlya sporta i eksporta. Vyezdka molodoj sportivnoj loshadi / А.А. Laskov // Konevodstvo i konnyj sport, 2004. - № 2. – s. 25 – 26.

4. Rezultaty podscheta rejtinga loshadej KSSH HGZVA.

5. Latka О.М., Bondarenko О.V., Volkov D.А. / Rekomendacii z vyprobuvan` konej ukrains`koi verhovoi porodi za ruhovymy ta strybkovymy yakostyamy / О.М. Latka i dr. – ІТ UААN. – Harkiv, 2006. – 8 s.