Сельское хозяйство/3. Земледелие, грунтоведение и агрохимия

Candidate of agricultural sciences Shilov M.P., 3rd year student of ABF Ismagilova I.I.

RSE " Kostanai State University A.Baitursynov " Kazakhstan

Contamination of wheat with heavy metals along the highway Kostanay - Chelyabinsk

Intensive technological impact on agrocnosises steppe zone of northern Kazakhstan leads to active contamination of crop products by heavy metals [1]. One of the main sources of pollution of soils and plants are currently motorway [2]. Constant growth of road transport freight volume increase dramatically increased the amount of exhaust gases having a tough impact on the roadside ecosystem. This leads to the active accumulation in soils and plants roadside strips of heavy metals, particularly lead and cadmium [3].

 In this regard, the aim of this study was to - to give toxicological evaluation of lead and cadmium content in grain of spring wheat along interstate highways Kostanay - Chelyabinsk. The studies were conducted in Kostanay region (Fedorov district, TOO "Voronezh ") in the subzone of southern chernozems in 2011-2012 by appropriate method [4]. The heavy metal content was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry on the device C-115. Samples of spring wheat varieties Omsk -18 were selected with increasing distance from the highway deep into the field number 15, an area of 385 hectares. The research results are shown in table 1.

The data obtained allow us to conclude about their ability to press high toxic vehicles on the roadside area. Action exhaust traced at a sufficient distance from the highway. They contain heavy metals are absorbed by wheat plants throughout the growing season and are actively involved in metabolism. In the experiment, a clear pattern in the accumulation of heavy metals depending on the remoteness of the source of contamination.

Table 1

Influence motorway Kostanay - Chelyabinsk heavy metals content in the grain of wheat, 2012 year

Geographical point	Conjugate portion	Lead content, mg/kg	Cadmium content, mg/kg
A highway Kostanay-Chelyabinsk	LLC " Voronezh " adjacent field with distance from the road : - 10 meters - 20 meters - 40 meters - 60 m - 100 m - 200 m	2.38 2.08 1.38 0.65 0.51 0.28	0.28 0.35 0.62 0.30 0.12 0.08

Thus, the maximum concentration of lead in the grain is confined to 10 meters from the road – 2,38 mg/kg, which is 4,5 times higher than the permissible level. Subsequently, the content is constantly falling, and at around 100 m reaches MPC-

0,51 mg/kg. At a distance of 200 m track is not contaminated grain – 0,28 mg/kg.

Behaves somewhat differently cadmium. Its concentration is around 10 m 2,8 times higher than the MPC-0,28 mg/kg and continued to grow till the removal of 40 m – 0,62 mg/kg. Then, the level of pollution decreases gradually and at a distance of 100 m is almost equal to the MPC-0,12 mg/kg. However, the safety distance should recognize strip crops 200m where its toxicity is lowered to 0,08 mg/kg. Such a different behavior can be explained by heavy metals appears, the different composition of the exhaust gas density which affects the sedimentation rate.       

Crude protein content and gluten are the main performance indicators of quality wheat. The accumulation of proteins in the grain is due to the reutilization of the process, which provides inflow of assimilates in the grain. Naturally, with this stream moving through the plant, and heavy metals.

Research has established that heavy metals do not inhibit the free movement and deposition of organic substances in wheat (table 2).

Table 2

Influence of heavy metals on the protein content and wet gluten in wheat, 2012 year

Geographical point	Lead content, mg / kg	Cadmium content , mg/ kg	Protein, % N x 5.7	Gluten, %	IDK-1, pt.
Highways Kostanay – Chelyabinsk field with distance from the road : - 10 meters - 40 meters - 200 meters	2.38 1.88 0.28	0.28 0.62 0.08	14.2 14.8 14.0	30 31 30	96 (II) 36 (II) 78 (I)

Thus, at different distances from the points on the road 10, 40 and 200 m, and with different content ratio of the amount of heavy metals and the crude gluten protein was identical, respectively 14,2; 14,8; 14,0 % and 30, 31, 30 %. However, they have an effect on the quality of the gluten. Thus, under the influence of high concentrations of lead formed weak gluten, and under the influence of cadmium - strong.

Thus, our studies suggest that the studied motorway is a significant source of contamination of wheat grain lead and cadmium. Wayside width of 200 m maximum toxic experiencing pressure from the vehicle. Toxic levels of heavy metals (Pb, Cd) in wheat grain do not reduce the rate of accumulation of protein and wet gluten, but degrade the quality of gluten proteins.

Literature

1. Alenova J.T. Agroecological assessment of land resources Kostanay region and their rational use. Authoref. … magistra agricultural sciences. Kostanay, 2012, 16 p.

2. Parkhomenko N.A. Agroecological estimation of action of heavy metals in the soil - plant along the highways in the forest-steppe of Western Siberia /N.A. Parkhomenko, Y.I. Ermokhin. - Omsk, 2005, 110 p.

3. Krasnicky V.M. Agroekotoksikologicheskaya agrotcenozov score. Omsk, 2004, 68 p.

4. Methodological guidelines for determination of heavy metals in soils and agricultural crop production. - M.: CINAO, 2005, 58 p.