Levchenko S. P., Ermolenko M. V., Stepanova O.A., Salkhanova A.N.

Shakarim State University of Semey, Kazakhstan

HEAVY METALS IN MACROMYCETE’S FRUIT FORMS

OF EAST KAZAKHSTAN

Toxic elements are the most common contaminants of foodstuff. They have an important feature. Most of them belong to the scattered elements (microelements), which are contained everywhere: in groundwater and surface water, rocks, soil, free air, plants and animals. These substances ingested into human body with food, water and air.

At the same time during soil contamination with metals, their content in crops increases, and then in the products of livestock. Consumption of products containing increased amount of heavy metals is a risk to human health which may appear as acute and chronic intoxication as well as mutagenic, carcinogenic and embryo toxic effects.

To prevent these effects, strict control of the hit compounds in food products such as toxic elements from the environment, as well as a result of the activities of the human being directed towards processes of intensification of food is required [1].

Mushrooms are one of the most important components of forest ecosystems. They fulfil wide range of biosphere functions, including the most essential one, decomposition of organic substances [2].

From the point of view of biogeochemical studies mushrooms are of a particular interest because of their ability to accumulate elements, particularly hazardous to health. Tendency of edible mushrooms to accumulate heavy metals is a risk.

This ability is more strongly mainfested in them rather than in higher plants and other organisms [3].

Despite the fact that mushrooms are a valuable protein products, they are rich with vitamins and micronutrients.

Everything told above explains relevance of research of the content of heavy metals in Eastern Kazakhstan mushrooms.

Purpose is to determine the level of heavy metals contamination in mushrooms grown in East Kazakhstan.

During the work following tasks were posed and solved: determination of heavy metals content in the examined samples, analysis and evaluation of results.

The object of investigation was selected a mushroom (Boletus edulis), which grow in the forests of Borodulikha district of East Kazakhstan. Mushrooms of various forms and degree of ripeness were researched.

The identification of samples was carried out according to generally accepted criteria described in the professional literature [4]. As indicators of safety, studies were conducted on the content of toxic elements in mushrooms.

Fresh mushrooms were studied in laboratory of chair «Technical Physics and heat-and-power» and engineering regional testing laboratory «Radioecological Investigation Laboratory» at Shakarim State University of Semey.

The content of heavy metals was determined by liquid-plasma spectrometer VARIAN 820 ICP-MS. Research of content of toxic elements (lead, cadmium, mercury, and arsenic) conducted by spectrometry method with a use of inductively coupled plasma. Results are presented in Table 1 and in the figures 1, 2.

Table 1. The elemental composition of boletus

Element	Boletus (Boletus Edulis)		MC, mg/kg
	pileus	stipe
Cadmium	0,009	0,01	0,1
Arsenic	-	-	0,5
Mercury	-	-	0,05
Lead	-	-	0,5

Table 1 shows that the test samples meet the safety requirements, as mushrooms do not contain heavy metals such as arsenic, mercury and lead and cadmium concentration of cadmium is insignificant and far to the marginal concentration.

a) pileus

b) stipe

Figure 1. Macronutrient content of mushrooms (Boletus edulis)

а) pileus	б) stipe

Figure 2. Macronutrient content of mushrooms (Boletus edulis)

We can draw the following conclusions:

1. Maximum concentration limit excess in the studied mushrooms wasn't revealed for lead, neither arsenic, nor mercury, cadmium.

2. Quite high content of chrome and the cobalt, observed in studied samples, is characteristic for soils of the East Kazakhstan region (for chrome makes (6,9÷10,1) of mg/kg, for cobalt – to 7,5 mg/kg).

3. The maintenance of other elements (for which maximum concentration limits aren't established), in one of cases doesn't exceed the top admissible level of daily consumption, and some of them at all doesn't reach the accepted indicators of an adequate consumption level.

4. Contamination density of mushrooms by heavy metals in East Kazakhstan does not constitute a danger to human health.

References:

1 Никифорова Т.Е. Безопасность продовольственного сырья и продуктов питания: учебное пособие/ ГОУ ВПО «Иван. гос. хим. - технол. ун-т», Иваново, 2007, 132 с.

2 Одум Ю. Основы экологии / Ю. Одум: пер. с англ. - М.: Мир, 1986. - 328 с.

3 Сибиркина А.Р. Аккумуляция хрома грибами соснового бора Семипалатинского Прииртышья Республики Казахстан // Современные проблемы науки и образования. – 2012. – № 2.

4 Клепинина 3. А., Клепинина Б. В. Справочник грибника. - М.: АСТ-ПРЕСС КНИГА, 2006. - 256 с, 24 л. ил.