Nazarbekoba Z.M.

A. Baitursynov Kostanai State University, Kazakhsta

The state and its types

The state is traditionally considered as the main institute of the political system. The characteristic of the state includes the following criteria:

1. Social appointment.

2. Organizational structure.

3. Specific opportunities, the rights and powers in comparison with other institutes.

4. Character of the relations with society, classes, and nation.

The state differs from other social organizations on existence of the following signs:

· existence of special group of the people occupied only with management of society and protection of its economic and social structure

· monopoly for the exclusive power concerning the population

· the right and possibility of implementation of domestic and foreign politics – economic, social, military

· the sovereign right of the publication of laws and rules, obligatory for the population

· the power organization on a certain territorial sign

· monopoly on collection of taxes and collecting from the population on formation of the national budget and others.

Types of states and their varieties

Each state in the modern world differs from other by the whole set of peculiar features and the characteristics which have developed under the influence of its historical evolution, degree of sharpness of the social and ethnic conflicts, the international factors. At all heterogeneity of the modern states they can be divided into two most general types – a monarchy and the republic.

In a monarchy the power of the head of state is descended, without being derivative of any other power.

The absolute monarchy is characterized by absolute power of the head of state who hasn't been limited to the constitutional establishments. The government is appointed by the monarch, carries out his will and is responsible before him. Now the absolute monarchy remained only in Saudi Arabia.

At the constitutional monarchy existing in Great Britain, the Netherlands, Belgium, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Spain, Japan, the power of the head of state are strictly defined by legislative systems and acts. The power of the monarch in constitutional monarchies doesn't extend on the sphere of legislative activity and is considerably limited in the management sphere. The laws are adopted by parliament, monarchs don't actually use the veto. The government is formed on the basis of the parliamentary majority and bears responsibility not before the monarch, and before parliament. The monarch is a symbol and the Supreme arbitrator of the nation being above party fights and providing unity of the country.

The republic is the form of government at which the head of state is the elective and replaced person receiving the mandate limited on time from representatives of body or directly from voters. It is differed the presidential and parliamentary republics.

In the presidential republic the head of state, possessing large powers in system of political management, is elected irrespective of parliament on the basis of general, direct and secret ballot. The support of rather influential political party is, as a rule, necessary for the politician for a gain of the presidential mandate. From the structure of the same party members of the government are usually appointed also. However in parliament during action of the presidential mandate deputies from other party can make the majority. The presidential power is the main link of the state management. The parliament and legal system possess considerable independence of executive power. The typical example of the presidential republic is the USA where this form of government for the first time was established.

The parliamentary republic is characterized first of all by that the government is formed by the leader of the party which have won parliamentary elections and bears responsibility before power legislature – the parliament. The parliament supervises government activity. The head of state appoints the government from among representatives of party or a coalition of the parties having the majority of places in parliament. As a whole, though the powers of the head of state can be rather wide, he occupies in comparison with the president in the presidential republic rather modest place in system of the state management.

Among the republican forms of government is also combining signs of the presidential and parliamentary republics. France can be a similar example. The constitution of 1958, having kept attributes of parliamentarism, considerably strengthened the presidential power.

Literature:

1. Bulatova A., Ismagambetova. E. Political science. - A., 2001, p. 72-86.

2. Melvil A.Yu. Political science: textbook. - M.: MGIMO MFA of Russia, Prospectus, 2009, p. 110-129.