Ст. преп. Молдабаева К.Е

Алматийнский Университет Энергетики и Связи

The synonyms translation features

Synonyms are words different in their outer aspects, but identical or similar in their inner aspects. In English there are a lot of synonyms, because there are many borrowings, e.g. hearty / native/ - cordial/ borrowing/. After a word is borrowed it undergoes desynonymization, because absolute synonyms are unnecessary for a language. However, there are some absolute synonyms in the language, which have exactly the same meaning and belong to the same style, e.g. to moan, to groan; homeland, motherland etc. In cases of desynonymization one of the absolute synonyms can specialize in its meaning and we get semantic synonyms, e.g. «city» /borrowed/, «town» /native/. The French borrowing «city» is specialized. In other cases native words can be specialized in their meanings, e.g. «stool» /native/, «chair» /French/.

The existence of interlingual lexical correspondences are not accidental, but a natural fact of linguistic reality, which explained by extra and inter linguistic factors. One of the main reasons for the regular nature of inter language correspondences, is a single material essence of human thought that with the physiological, psychological and logical point of view follows the general laws and the same for all people, Thinking of all peoples is expressed in one incarnation - in language which materializes in the form of specific national languages.

As soon as peace, spiritual and material achievements of science and technology, wealth of cultures, past and present, have many similarities and communities and are becoming increasingly unity of all earthly civilization, and the semantic content of the vocabulary of the different languages of the world is

increasingly closeness reducing the number of the so-called non-equivalent vocabulary and conceptual differences in the values of the compared words.A word is the part of the language, and at the same time in the speech it is the part of the lexical and stylistic system of a literary work. This functional duality of the word defines originality.

Interlingual lexical-semantic comparison of levels finds patterns of lexical-semantic correlative category. Taking into account the semantic content of compared lexical units, their sound (graphic) form, as well as their syntagmatic and speech characteristics, scientists distinguish synchronic cross-language category such as absolute and relative synonyms, homonyms and paronym.

Any language has one of the most important properties, which is variability (variance) of its lexical-semantic resources, the existence of lexical items that call the same denotation, but has a wide variety of different and sometimes extremely delicate estimates and stylistic nuances. This is a universal property of language lies at the heart of interlingual synonyms.

There are two types of inter language the synonyms: complete and relative synonyms. In cross-language synonyms there are full set of the synonyms and they differ in the scope of application being lexical units of different languages. Any words of comparable value are complete, and the relative synonymous depending on the corresponding word.

The problem the synonyms is one of the most important lexical problems. Back in the late XVIII century was discussed the possibility of existence in a language several words to describe the same concept. Philologists of the first half of the XIX century, believed that in a language can not exists words with identical in meaning, and these words were determined as synonyms. Some modern lexicologists, on the contrary, suggested to be synonymous only words that are identical in meaning and differ in (though not always) the stylistic characteristics.

Most scientists agree that synonym is a frequent language microchip, which is characterized by its own attitude and that is included as an integral part of the lexical system of language in general. As for the definition synonyms, here there is no consensus: some researchers proceed from the generality of the word, while others - from the semantic relatedness and substantively - logical beginning of the word, and others -from generality of structural model and consumption of the same combinations of words.

In a speech to synonyms peculiar two main functions - a function of substitution, when one unit is replaced by semantically appropriate another one, in order to avoid repetition in speaking, and function of specification. English language is rich in synonyms, rare synonymous series account for two-three members, often there are many more. However, the compilers of dictionaries of synonyms use different criteria for their selection.

Translation - this is an exact reproduction of the original means of another language with preservation of the unity of content and style .this interpretation differs from the restatement, in which you can transfer the contents of a foreign script, omitting unimportant details and do not care about style. Unity of content and style is recreated in terms of a linguistic basis and therefore will have a new unity inherent in language translation.

To translate the spoken phrase ‘I am very glad to hear you’ we must remember that Russian phrase should be as natural and conversational. Of course, it is important to take into account differences in the design of the proposals of this type under the laws of grammar of English and Russian languages. But, even replacing the second infinitive subordinate clause, we do not get an acceptable synonym translation.

For proper and accurate communication of original thought it is necessary not only to find in the target language the most appropriate word, but also to clothe them in the proper grammatical form. To this case are mixed also stylistic factors which can not be dismissed, even when translating technical information or newspaper text.

However, even a vague understanding does not exclude the possibility of the correct translation by guessing. It is therefore important to know not only how to translate, but also why it is necessary to translate this way and not otherwise.

Of course, this does not mean that in the course of the translation can be given ready-made recipes. In most cases, the answer to both questions ("how" and "why") will be derived certain patterns by comparing the means of the English and Russian languages. That this is a linguistic approach to translation

One of the main tasks of the translator is the most complete transfer of the contents of the original, and usually, the actual content of the original community and the transfer is also significant. Translation equivalence limit is the maximum possible degree of preservation of the original content in the translation, but in each translation to the original semantic proximity is closer to the maximum. In conclusion one may say that synonymy does not mean sameness, as this form of synonymy does not exist in monolingual or multilingual settings. Synonymy can be described in terms of exact replacement and interchangeability. That is, words can be described as synonymous if and only if they replace each other in all contexts without any change in either the cognitive or emotive import.

Enrichment of language with synonyms is carried out continuously, and as the differentiation of synonyms will be continued until the complete loss of synonymous. Of course, the reason for this movement of synonyms should be sought not only in the self-contained development of language laws and the laws of individual thinking, but also in the analysis of its social conditioning.

Used literature

1. Akhmanova O.S. Lexicology: Theory and Method. M. 1972 pp. 59-66

2. Ginzburg R.S. et al. A Course in Modern English Lexicology. M., 1979 pp.72-82

3. Schweitzer A.D. Theory of Translation: status, problems and issues. - Moscow: Nauka, 1988

4. Trofimov Z.S. Dictionary of new words and meanings in English. -M Higher School, 1993

5. Vereshchagin, Kostomarov V.R. Language and culture.- M Higher School, 1986