Ст. преп. Молдабаева
К.Е
Алматийнский
Университет Энергетики и Связи
The main text classification and methods of translation
The main purpose of
translation from a foreign language into your own is to familiarize the reader
or listener who does not know this foreign language, with any text or content
of the oral statements.
Before starting the
translation an interpreter should determine which type of text he is going to
translate. Similarly, while evaluating the translation it is necessary to have
a clear idea about the original, to avoid the risk assessment criteria for the
wrong translation. Text type which complies with the requirements of the
translation process is indisputable prerequisite for an objective evaluation of
translations. [2,p14 ]
There are a number
of attempts to develop a typology of texts that would allow making conclusions
about the principles of translation or choosing special methods of translation.
In pragmatic texts
a language will be a means of communication, a means of transmitting
information, whereas in the texts of fiction or poetry, it serves as a means of
artistic expression, the bearer of aesthetic value of the work.
On the other hand,
literary translation, along with the common factors has numerous
differentiating factors: the translation is stylistically polished essay which
determined by other laws than the translation of the lyric poem.
There are three
types of texts:
1) technical texts
and the texts of the natural sciences, characterized by the fact that in such
kinds of texts knowledge of the subject is more important than knowledge of the
language, first of all, one should pay attention to the knowledge of technical terms;
2) Philosophical
texts in which, in addition of knowledge of specialized terminology, from the interpreter
requires the ability to follow the course of the author's thoughts;
3) Literary texts
in which, apart from the content, one has to identify the subject to be
recreated in the target language.[1, p 6]
The classifications
also are differences in the nature of the material to be translated:
1) Informational
texts, documentary texts (commercial and business nature) and scientific texts;
2) socio-political
texts (including the classics of Marxism, editorials and speeches);
3) (fictions)
literary texts.
A common
characteristic of the first group of texts is considered to have special terms
and special phraseology.
A common
characteristic of the second group of the text’s is considered to social and
political mixture of elements of the scientific (the use of terminology) and
artistic language (use of rhetorical figures, metaphors, and so on.).
The third group of
texts - fiction - is characterized by the stylistically diversity of lexical
(dialect, professional, archaic, exotic) and syntactic linguistic resources, as
well as the intensive use of elements of speech.
Translation method
should match the type of text. The main goal while maintaining the translation
will be identifying the type of text. Only special target, which should serve
as a translation in a particular case, will be readers to whom it is intended.[4,
p7]
Classification of
texts as a whole is similar to the normal course of pragmatic differentiation
(content oriented) and art (form oriented) texts. However, the distribution of
texts in the classification needs to be supplemented and clarified.
For example,
propaganda texts can not be attributed to the substantive type because of their
equivalence information. Campaigning and advertising are based on the function
of treatment. Detective and shockers by genre should be attributed to the
"literary" texts.
In the text focused
on the content is important, first of all, an acceptable form for the
expression of the content and its ability to provide the necessary impact, and
for texts focused on form, above all, the most important are forms, which take
into account the aesthetic and artistic and creative aspects. The text focused
on content is analyzed in terms of formal relations, defined by semantics,
grammar and style, and with regard to their translation into other languages.
The text focused on
treatment, transmits information in a particular linguistic form. However, its
design pursues a special, more or less obvious target. In these texts is
relevant the achievement of extra linguistic effect, subjected to the
preservation of a distinct appeal to the listener or reader.
By type of texts
focused on content one may include: messages and comments of the press,
reports, commercial correspondence, product specifications, the operating
instructions of technical devices, patent descriptions, letters, official
documents, educational and special literature of all kinds, studies, reports,
treatises, special texts of humanities and natural sciences and engineering.
Informational
materials, textbooks, specifications and other materials can be classified to
the texts oriented to content, and apparently without further argument. They
are more or less anonymous and are created to give fast, accurate and
comprehensive information about a specific subject.
With regard to
official documents and materials of a similar nature one can raise an objection
that they tend to have a definite shape, and even often have very strict
regulations on the form, which must follow the aim, so document has been
adopted. Revealing the specifics of a particular subspecies of translation,
special translation theory considers a number of factors that should be
considered when describing a particular type of translation.
While translating
it is necessary with the help of one language resources to express as
accurately as possible what has been expressed by means of another language.
The translation should fully comply with the language in which it is made.
First, the mere
membership to a particular original functional style may affect the nature of
the translation process and require an interpreter to apply special methods and
techniques.
Second, the focus
on such original can predetermine the stylistic characteristics of the
translated text, and, consequently, the need for selection of such features
that characterize similar functional style in the target language.
The technical translation the main
goal is to identify the situation described in the original. In official
documents every word must be carefully chosen. Publicistic texts include the
translations of newspapers, magazines.
To other genres belong the
translations of film scripts, where the main problem is to fit pronunciation
and the choice of words. The translations of commercials are those, the main
goal of which is to attract the attention of the audience
To sum up we can say that communicative classification of translation is based
on the predominant communicative function of the source text or the form of
speech involved in the translation process.
Translation can be literary and
informative. Literary translation is the translation of literary texts. The
main function of literary translation is to produce an emotional or aesthetic
impression upon the reader.[4]
The
informative translation deals with rendering into target language the
non-literary texts.
The psycho-linguistic classification of translation falls into written and oral
translation, consecutive and simultaneous translation, compression and text
development. In written translation the original text is in written form as
well as in target language. Written translation is continuous, oral translation
is commentary (one time action).
There are two main types of oral translation. In consecutive translation
the translating starts after the original speech of some part of it has been
completed. In simultaneous interpretation the interpreter is supposed to be
able to give his translation while the speaker is uttering his message.
The difference between consecutive and simultaneous interpretation – in
simultaneous interpretation the interpreter is much more limited in time. The
length of the text translated is much shorter than in consecutive translation.
Used literature
1. Рецкер Я.И.
Теория перевода и переводческая практика. - М.:
2.Федоров А.В.
Основы общей теории перевода. - М.: ВШ, 1996
3. Швейцер А.Д. Теория
перевода: статус, проблемы, аспекты. - М.:Наука, 1988