География и геология / Природопользование и экологический мониторинг

Khamitova S. M., Avdeev Yu. M.
Vologda state milk industry Academy
the N. In. Vereshchagin
Garanovich I. M.
Central Botanical garden
The national Academy of Sciences of Belarus

The importance of climate in shaping the crowns

of trees in green areas of the city

Climate, as a certain combination mode of heat, light and humidity, the climate has a great influence on the diversity of forest vegetation.
Limiting climatic factor soil slip crown formation, natural cleansing bodies from the boughs, is solar radiation.

It is known that improved productivity and quality component of the stand is possible by controlling the amount of light energy received woody plants. So, growing of trees in a dense stand, and the introduction of entry under the canopy of trees and shrubs, allows you to call the lack of light in the lower part of the barrels, resulting in the lower branches die off, that is, increases the intensity of the process of purification of trunks from branches.

The lighting conditions should be taken into account in the creation and cultivation of timber with the optimum parameters of gnarled. Light conditions and the individual characteristics of tree species should be taken into account when selecting the intensity and direction of the corridors during the felling of a forest. Great value for light use by plants is also the direction of the rows when creating the cultures.

Temperature of air and corporatelogo soil affects the germination, shoot growth, formation of leaves and flowers, ripening, yellowing and leaf abscission in woody plants. In addition, the temperature of soil and air affects the temperature of the wood branches, and, consequently, determines the rate of flow of the physiological processes.

The temperature of the air often causes the variability of the course of physiological processes in the tree and disruption of the structural elements of wood. Thus, sharp drops in air temperature can cause the formation of cracks on the branches of tree trunks, which could lead to them breaking. Cracks in the branches are formed due to the compression of the outer annual rings from cooling while the inner layers have a higher temperature due to poor thermal conductivity of wood. Cracks, in turn, contribute to the emergence of fungal diseases and insect attack.
High temperature can cause burns or overheating of the bark of branches and the appearance of shobokshi. In the future may cause necrosis of the cortex and gradual dieback of branches.

Significant influence on the formation of gnarled trunks has the wind.
For the same breed wind resistance can be varied depending on the shape and size of the crown. The more bent crown, the tree more wind resistant; highly attached to the crown of the trees (pine) can more easily fall out from the wind.
In places the unilateral action of strong winds, the trees usually form a one-sided, flag-crown, curved trunks, and with it uneven internal structure.

The most important mechanical action of the wind manifesting itself in the breakdown of branches, twigs, tops, tree trunks, vysalivanie trees by the roots, strong swaying of the trees and thus produce mutual krestyany trees with branches on one side, and the breakage of roots on the other.

The most important manifestation of the wind, as the unfavorable physiological factors in the life of a forest, lies in its drying action. Strong winds, increasing the transpiration of the trees with a lack of water in the soil causes the formation of them have dry tops and sometimes tree mortality (in subsequent the assistance of bug vermin). In exceptionally dry years in some areas, on soils with a deep water level there is a mass formation of them have dry tops and deadwood. These phenomena are observed primarily at the edges of forests, in the heavily thinned areas, i.e. in areas most prone to the drying effects of the wind.

The most significant negative effect of snow is in the phenomena of snehalaya and snegoval. Drop the loose flakes and wet snow in large quantities delayed in the trees that break off.

Precipitation can also be in the form of a solid plaque of ice (oiled) formed by the contact of very cold trees in the woods with warmer air saturated with water vapor. Oiled increasing the mass of branches, can cause their breaking, and thus affect the processes of purification of trunks from branches.
Precipitation in the form of hail can also cause significant mechanical damage to the branches of the trees.

Thus, it should be noted that environmental factors such as light, temperature, wind, precipitation may have an ambiguous impact on the formation of the crown of tree trunks.

The terrain, as a major regulator of surface and groundwater, with the utmost clarity, reflected on soil conditions. Significant impact on the process of soil formation is also influenced by municipal, provincial and outcomesthe features of climate and vegetation. Soil conditions, in turn, determine the husbandry of establishment of cultures and the selection of cultivated species, the formation of the composition, structure and composition of stands and their productivity of tree trunks.
It is well known that soil and groundwater conditions determine the agricultural techniques the creation of tree plantations, the choice of cultivated species and, ultimately, the productivity of forest plantations. In addition, soil conditions can determine the properties of wood. Excessive moisture can lead to rotting of the crown of the tree, stimulating its degradation and extinction, damaging fungal diseases.

Along with climatic factors in the target forest should be taken into account orographic and soil conditions.