technical / engineering sciences

УДК 622.691

Cand.Рhys.Math.Sci. Mukhtarova M.N., Cand.Chem.Sci. Akhmetkaliev R.B., Nurseytova A.K., Ermaganbetova S.D.

Kazakhstan, Almaty, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty University of Power Engineering and Telecommunications

The main features of the dispersed state of the petroleum systems

Summary: Suggested a summary, there are many physical and chemical phenomena occurring in petroleum systems. Analytical and colloid-chemical approach to the study of petroleum systems emit various aspects relating to the chemical composition and structure of the oil disperse systems, physical and chemical properties of VAT, manifested in the processes. Initial information on the component composition of oil accompanied by consideration of the issues of physical and chemical mechanics research methods VAT and practical ways to regulate their physic-chemical and technological properties.

Keywords: oil, dispersion medium, phase, hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon components, intermolecular interactions

Vision of oil dispersions (VAT) as objects of study are characterized by the presence of dispersed particles, a dispersion medium and interfacial phase boundary, and therefore the colloid-chemical properties - the stability and rheological properties.

The main reasons for the existence of the dispersed phase in petroleum systems are intermolecular interactions (IIM) and phase transitions.

IIM determine susceptibility to the association of hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon components. If the presence of IIM is a sufficient condition for the formation of an associate (dispersed particles VAT), the necessary condition of its existence as a whole is in excess of MMV energy over the energy of the thermal motion of molecules:

,

where - Boltzmann constant.

Under normal conditions, the energy of the thermal motion of 3.5 kJ / mole, and the location is at the level of the weakest interactions in a system. Thus, the petroleum systems have real preconditions for the formation of associates of hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon compounds.

Education of the dispersed particles also takes place during the flow of the phase transitions (melting - crystallization, evaporation-condensation), constituting a physical and chemical processes of many oil and technological processes. According to the theory of phase transitions the formation of a new phase passes through infancy critical dimensions of the particles in the initial uterine environment and their subsequent growth.

Take a look to the main features of the dispersed state of the petroleum systems: heterogeneity, dispersion and the degree of interfacial interaction at the interface (lyophilic).

A classical sign of any disperse systems, including petroleum derived is usually the difference of the dispersed phase aggregate states and the dispersion medium, i.e. heterogeneity.

VAT, consisting of two phases, the state of aggregation of the dispersed phase and the dispersion medium can be divided into 8 types (Table 1).

Table 1- The classification of VAT on the state of aggregation of the dispersed phase and the dispersion medium

N п/п	State of aggregation a dispersed phase dispersed medium		Type of VAT	Examples
1	Gas		Gas
2	Liquid	Gas	Fog	Oil mist, passing gas
3	solid	Gas	Aerosol	Solid products of incomplete fuel combustion in the exhaust gases, carbon
4	Gas	Liquid	Gas emulsion, foam	VAT liquid during heating or bubbling oils under dynamic conditions, bitumen foam
5	Liquid	Liquid	emulsion	Water - oil, lube solutions in the selective solvent
6	solid	Liquid	Sols, gels, suspensions	Average Distillate fuel, vacuum gas oils, oil fractions, oil, oil residues (fuel oil, tar), asphalts, pitches
7	Gas	solid	The cured foam	oil coke
8	Liquid	solid	Solid emulsions	Solid hydrocarbons, petrolatum, slack
9	solid	solid	Solid particulate structure	Petroleum coke, carbon fibers

However, note that in most cases the real oil in the process of production, transportation, processing and using are poly-heterogeneous, i.e. it consists of three or more phases. For example, oil in atmospheric distillation of a VAT with a dispersed phase of two types - a gas that occurs due to the boiling low-boiling components and hard - due to the presence of natural asphaltenes.

After surfacing oil is "aerated" sol or suspension, which upon reaching the dew point deprived the dispersed gas phase. Oil, lying at great depths (for viscous oils - the order of several kilometers), are in the glassy state of the gel. This fact may be important in the future development of ultra-deep deposits. During transportation of oil and gas condensate are VAT systems containing both dispersed in the solid and gas phase.

Bibliography:

1. Petrov A.A., Balian O.T., A.V. Troshchenko. Organic chemistry. Moscow: Higher School, 2000.

2. Zimon A.D., N.F. Leshchenko. Colloidal chemistry. M .: agar, 2003. 317 p.

3. Lyshko G.P. Petroleum products and technical liquids. - M .: VO "Agropromizdat" 1988

4. Donald L. Burdick, William L. Leffler. Petrochemistry. M .: 2005

5. Verzhichinskaya S.V., Digurov N.G., Sinitsin S.A. Chemistry and Technology of oil and gas: a tutorial. - Moscow: Forum: INFRA-M, 2007. - 400 p .: ill. - (Professional education).

6. William L. Leffler Refining. - 2nd ed., Revised / Trans. from English. - M .: ZAO "Olympus - Business", 2003. - 224 p .: ill. - (Series "for professionals and non-experts")