УДК 81'1
Neologisms and their translation
п.ғ.к., профессор Б.У. Курбаналиев,
А.Байтұрсынов
атындағы №1 жалпы орта мектеп КММ–нің
ағылшын тілі
пәнінің мұғалімі Г. Б. Мырзахметова
Резюме
В
статье рассматриваются формирование неологизмов и их переводы.
Түйін
Мақалада
неологизмдердің құрылуы және
олардың аударылымы қаралады.
· Pop-culture — words or phrases
evolved from mass media content or used to describe popular culture phenomena
(these may be considered a subsection of slang).
Examples:
- jumping the shark. Jumping the shark is a metaphor used by US television critics and fans since the 1990s. The phrase, popularized by Jon Hein on
his website, jumptheshark.com, is used
to describe the moment when a pop culture
icon, originally a TV show or
similar episodic medium, is in retrospect judged to have passed its
"peak" and shows a noticeable decline in quality, or when it has
undergone too many changes that take away the original charm and interest.
- Chuck Cunningham
syndrome. Chuck Cunningham syndrome is a term that refers to a television series in which a main character or a character otherwise important to the
show's plot is removed without explanation. The term comes from the character
Chuck Cunningham in the American television series, Happy Days.
· Imported — words or phrases
originating in another language. Typically they are used to express ideas that
have no equivalent term in the native language. Examples:
- zen (1727). Zen is the Japanese name of a well known branch of Mahāyāna Buddhist schools, practiced originally in China as Chan (禪), and subsequently in Korea, Japan, and Vietnam. Zen emphasizes the role of sitting
meditation (zazen) in pursuing enlightenment. Zen can be considered a religion, a philosophy,
or simply a practice depending on one's perspective. It has also been described
as a way of life, work, and an art form. Zen is the common name for this
branch of Buddhism in Japanese as
well as in English.
However, in the last half of the 20th century, Zen has become an international
phenomenon, with centers in many countries around the world.
- ao dai (1960s). The áo dài (pronounced 'ao
yai' in the South; pronounced 'ao zai' in the North) is a traditional Vietnamese dress worn by women. It is the
uniform for female students in Vietnamese secondary schools and universities.
The áo dài is and has been more prevalent in southern Vietnam
than in northern Vietnam.
· Trademarks
are often neologisms to ensure they are distinguished from other brands. If
legal trademark protection is lost, the neologism may enter the language as a genericized trademark. Example:
Laundromat. A laundromat (U.S.), launderette (British), Washette (Southeastern U.S.) or washateria (Southwestern U.S.) is a
store where clothes are washed and dried. This is often
done by coin operated machines that are worked by the client. Laundromats may
have a staff to wash the clothing; this is referred to as Fluff-n-Fold or drop-off service. Laundries are
equipped with both washing machines and dryers, usually specialized ones designed
to survive heavy use.
· Nonce words
— words coined and used only for a particular occasion, usually for a special
literary effect.
· Inverted — words that are derived
from spelling (and pronouncing) a standard word backwards. Example: redrum
· Paleologism - a word that is alleged
to be a neologism but turns out to be a long-used (if obscure) word. Used
ironically.
Трибут – tributes
In punishment for the uprising, each of the twelve districts must provide one girl and one boy, called tributes, to participate. The twenty-four tributes will be imprisoned in a vast outdoor arena that could hold anything from a burning desert to a frozen wasteland. (Suzanne Collins. “The Hunger Games”. Book 1, 2008).
В наказание за мятеж каждый из двенадцати дистриктов обязан раз в год предоставлять для участия в Играх одну девушку и одного юношу - трибутов. Двадцать четыре трибута со всех дистриктов помещают на огромную открытую арену, способную заключать в себе все что угодно от раскаленных песков до ледяных просторов. (Сьюзен Коллинз. «Голодные игры». Книга 1, 2008).
Avox girl, avox boy – безгласая девочка, безгласый мальчик
1) "Don't be ridiculous, Katniss. How could you possibly know an Avox?" snaps Effie. "The very
thought." (Suzanne Collins. “The Hunger Games”. Book 1, 2008).
Не мели чепуху, Китнисс. Откуда ты можешь знать безгласую? — резко говорит Эффи. — Как тебе такое взбрело в голову? (Сьюзен Коллинз. «Голодные игры». Книга 1, 2008).
2) A hovercraft appears out of thin air, just like the one did in the woods
the day I saw the redheaded Avox girl captured, and a ladder drops down. (Suzanne
Collins. “The Hunger
Games”. Book 1, 2008).
3) The woman disappears and Cinna is retrieved from the roof, An Avox boy
comes in and directs us to a room where breakfast has been laid out. (Suzanne
Collins. “The Hunger
Games”. Book 1, 2008).
Neologisms in the Russian language.
We have some words as neologisms, when that word has been translated into English it is existing word, but when we have translated into Russian we have new word. For instance, 1) планолет (new coinage in Russian) – hovercraft (it is existing word). Example from text: Появляется планолет, ниоткуда —точно как в тот день в лесу, когда поймали рыжеволосую девочку, — и из него сбрасывают лестницу. (Сьюзен Коллинз. «Голодные игры», Книга 1, 2008). A hovercraft appears out of thin air, just like the one did in the woods the day I saw the redheaded Avox girl captured, and a ladder drops down. (Suzanne Collins. «The Hunger Games», Book 1, 2008).
2) cкотобаза – stockyard
В Капитолии эти комнаты
называют Стартовым комплексом, в дистриктах — Скотобазой, местом, куда сгоняют
животных перед отправкой на бойню. (Сьюзен
Коллинз. «Голодные
игры», Книга 1, 2008).
In
the Capitol, they call it the Launch Room. In the districts, it's referred to
as the Stockyard. The place animals go before slaughter. (Suzanne Collins. «The
Hunger Games», Book 1, 2008).
3) Козовод – Goat
Man
На другой стороне Шлака один старик держит коз. Старика так и называют — Козовод, а как его по-настоящему зовут, я даже не знаю. (Сьюзен Коллинз. «Голодные игры», Книга 1, 2008).
There's
an old man who keeps a small herd of goats on the other side of the Seam. I
don't know his real name, everyone just calls him the Goat Man. (Suzanne
Collins. «The Hunger Games», Book 1, 2008).
“Full” neologisms in
both languages:
1) Морник – nightlock
В
голове звучит голос отца: «Только не такие, Китнисс. Ни в коем случае не ешь
такие. Это морник. От них умирают, едва успев проглотить».(Сьюзен Коллинз. «Голодные игры», Книга 1,
2008).
My
father's voice comes back to me. "Not these, Katniss. Never these. They're nightlock. You'll be dead before they reach your stomach." (Suzanne Collins. «The
Hunger Games», Book 1, 2008).
2) Переродки - Muttations
Переродки.
Без сомнения. Я никогда не видела таких, но очевидно, что это не обычные
животные. (Сьюзен Коллинз. «Голодные игры», Книга 1, 2008).
Muttations. No question about it.
I've never seen these mutts, but they're no natural-born animals. (Suzanne
Collins. «The Hunger Games», Book 1, 2008).
3) insectlike cameras –
насекомообразные камеры (перевод автора)
The station is swarming with reporters with their insectlike cameras trained directly on my face. (Suzanne Collins. «The Hunger Games», Book 1, 2008).
Вся
платформа кишит репортерами, их похожие на насекомых камеры направлены прямо
мне в лицо. (Сьюзен Коллинз. «Голодные игры», Книга 1, 2008).
4) mockingjay
– сойка-пересмешница
My father was particularly fond of
mockingjays. When we went hunting, he would whistle or sing complicated songs
to them and, after a polite pause, they'd always sing back. (Suzanne Collins.
«The Hunger Games», Book 1, 2008). Отец очень любил соек-пересмешниц. В
лесу, на охоте, он всегда насвистывал им сложные мелодии или пел песни, и,
подождав немного, как бы из вежливости, они всегда пели в ответ. (Сьюзен Коллинз. «Голодные игры», Книга 1, 2008).
5) jabberjay –
сойка-говорун
One was a special bird called a jabberjay that had the ability to memorize and repeat whole human conversations. (Suzanne Collins. «The Hunger Games», Book 1, 2008).
Одним
из видов были сойки- говоруны, обладавшие способностью запоминать и
воспроизводить человеческую речь. (Сьюзен Коллинз. «Голодные игры», Книга 1,
2008).
6) Brutal - брутальный
He lists the disasters, the
droughts, the storms, the fires, the encroaching seas that swallowed up so much
of the land, the brutal war for what little sustenance remained. (Suzanne Collins. «The Hunger Games», Book 1, 2008). Рассказывает историю
Панема - страны, возникшей из пепла на том месте, которое когда-то называли
Северной Америкой. Перечисляет катастрофы - засухи, ураганы, пожары, моря,
вышедшие из берегов и поглотившие так много земли, жестокие войны за жалкие
остатки ресурсов. (Сьюзен Коллинз. «Голодные игры», Книга 1, 2008).
7) Bloodred - как
кровь
"That's very funny," says
Peeta. Suddenly he lashes out at the glass in Haymitch's hand. It shatters on
the floor, sending the bloodred liquid running toward the back of the train. (Suzanne Collins. «The Hunger Games», Book 1, 2008). Очень смешно, - говорит
он без обычного добродушия и внезапно выбивает из руки Хеймитча стакан. Тот
разлетается на осколки и его содержимое течет по проходу, как кровь. (Сьюзен Коллинз. «Голодные игры», Книга 1, 2008).
8) Gamemakers - распорядители
Игр
I glance at the Gamemakers on the
balcony and bite my
lip. (Suzanne Collins. «The Hunger Games»,
Book 1, 2008). Я бросаю
взгляд на балкон с распорядителями Игр и прикусываю губу. (Сьюзен Коллинз.
«Голодные игры», Книга 1, 2008).
LIST OF REFERENCES:
1.
James
S. Holmes. Translation studies. London: Methuen.
2.
Steiner,
1980. Translation studies. London: Methuen.
3.
Magdy
M. Zaky The theory and practice of translation. Leiden: Brill.
4.
Martin
Luther, Linguistic theory. London: Oxford University Press.
5.
King
Alfred, Approaches to translation. Oxford: Pergamon.