Master of geography Zhangozhina G.M.

Karaganda State University named after E.A.Buketov, Kazakhstan

Historical steps of geoecological situation of Nura River Basin

Anthropogenic factors are usually related to the side effects of interaction between society and the natural environment. Most often they appear as random, one-time impacts on the natural environment and geosystems accompanying purposeful human activities. These effects may be in the nature of intentional (planned, expected impacts) and unintended (unexpected consequences) impact on geosystems [1]. Anthropogenic factors are caused by various forms of human influences on the individual components of the environment in general and geosystems. They cover the processes occurring in the course of direct human impacts on the environment or indirectly owe their origin technogenesis. For quantitative and qualitative characteristics of anthropogenic factors using the concept of anthropogenic load. It characterizes the amount of direct or indirect anthropogenic impacts on the environment.

Human impact on the natural environment r.Nura pool can be associated with its industrial development. All studies were conducted in the basin left behind a certain environmental effects. In this connection, geo-environmental situation can be considered at different stages: 1) pre-industrial stage, 2) stage of industrial development, and 3) stage of agricultural development of the basin, and 4) the current stage of basin formation. Each stage in the formation of geo-ecological situations and gives characterizes a certain picture of development of territories. Each stage reflected recognize the signs anthropogenes-hydrogeological work (drilling, exploration), hydraulic engineering, exploration of mineral deposits, construction of dams, urban planning, etc. Degree of manifestation of symptoms in the pool anthropogenes r.Nura with each step increases, which causes the tension level of geo-ecological situations - from relatively fair to critical [2].

Pre-industrial stage (Paleolithic - 30th of XX century). Archaeological sites indicate that the basin r.Nura including neighborhoods Karaganda, back in the Paleolithic man lived. He was engaged in hunting, fishing, gathering plant foods. In the Neolithic in the river basin. Nura appear basics of agriculture. This is confirmed by archaeological excavations settlement Suykbulak (Karkaralinsk) and the ancient irrigation system .

Since the late 40s. XIX century. 30 -ies. XX century. r.Nura the basin to form local sources of environmental destabilization had Koyandinskaya Fair (Koyandinsko - Botovskaya), which annually conducts auctions. It was located in the river valley near the mouth of r.Taldy oz.Karasor 50 km from the village Koyandy. In 1916, near s.Romanovka already received the first information on the stock of the Nura River. River basin studies. Nura started in the first five years of the former Soviet Union, when the territory of Central Kazakhstan were built industrial cities (Karaganda, Zhezkazgan , Balkhash, Shahtinsk etc.).

Analysis of the pre-industrial stage of development of the region shows that economic activity began to have transformative impacts on the environment. During this period there is a change in the geo-ecological situations pool r.Nura from environmental well before the formation of local sources environmental destabilization.

Stage of industrial development (30^th. XX century. -50^th . XX c.). During the years of Soviet power Karaganda region and become one of the largest industrial centers in Kazakhstan. For the successful formation of Karaganda region as an industrial center and its water supply in the 30s and 40s. XX century. was built from plumbing r.Nura (Samarkand reservoir). By the end of 33 -ies. completed the construction of the Central power, began to build a hydroelectric power station. In 1937 came to operation Karaganda cement plant which annually produces 14 tons of cement. In the same years were commissioned mechanized bakeries, brewery, dairy and other plants in Karaganda. Continued construction of railways through Akmola to Karaganda.

In the early 30s of XX century. in connection with the construction of several large industrial enterprises in Kazakhstan produced hydrogeological studies I.I. Filimonov and D.N. Bourtsev. In the article «Prospects reclamation in Central Kazakhstan» (1930) summarized the materials reclamation expedition in Central Kazakhstan and former subdivisions district land offices, who worked on the rivers Tokrau, Bakanas, Nura and Sarysu [3]. Observed the development of negative processes: salinity, flooding, wind and water erosion, degradation of soils and vegetation. Issues of environmental management were not implemented in a timely manner, due to weak administrative control right from the relevant departments and organizations for nature protection.

Stage of agricultural development of the basin (50^th XX century.- 80^th gg. XX in). During these years, the need to expand the resource base for industrial enterprises in the Southern Urals received significant scale geological survey and exploration, as well as hydrogeological work in areas designed and built railroads and mining. In the stage of agricultural development pool r.Nura have been converted to crops virgin lands.

The modern stage of development of the basin (90th. XX century - the present state). The most important direction of research and studies in the 70s - 80s of the XX century in Kazakhstan becomes hydrogeoecological with funds and aero-space monitoring, the emergence of which is connected with the resolution of water and environmental problems in the basin of the lake. Balkhash, the Aral Sea, and later, in the 80s - 90s, mining areas, the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site, the Caspian Sea, etc.

In 1997-98gg. studies have been conducted on mercury pollution of the river Nura funded programs Inco-Copernicus, Intas-Kazakhstan and the UK Foreign Office. New INTAS project aimed at the study of microbiological processes, including the formation of methyl mercury in sediments and floodplain soils of the Nura River, currently coordinated by the Institute of Soil Ecology Nyuherberga (Germany) [4].

During field studies were evaluated scale mercury contamination of surface and groundwater data floodplain sediments, soils and soil river valley. Nura and Western industrial zone Temirtau. The same has been done surveying the coast p. Nura bridge in Temirtau (1 km downstream of the dam Samarkand reservoir) to the village. Rostovka (distance 25 km) - every 250 m in 1997-98. studied the effect of external factors on the character of anthropogenic mercury in slag r.Nura microbiological processes sulfate reduction and methylation. The programs conducted study of mercury contamination r.Nura funded programs Inco -Copernicus, INTAS Kazakhstan MFA UK.

In connection with the acquisition of independence of Kazakhstan 's economy began to develop slowly, as in market conditions appeared liability, closed and open society. Many enterprises in the region have started to work on the basis of investment income, the industry is also developing small and medium business (company buying back foreign investors).

Analysis indicates that the mining industry has become cause of the intensification of environmental problems in the region. With the development of the mining industry and the chemical industry having piles - mounds dumps. Heaps long time (since the start of operation of a coal deposit and still) pollute the atmosphere, where the ecological and economic damage is not taken into account.

References:

1. B.I. Kochurov. Geography environmental situations. - M: IGRAS, 1997. - 15 p.

2. G.M. Zhangozhina. Geological conditions of the basin of the upper reaches of the river Nura //Novyny for art Nouveau science-2010: mater. int. nauch.-practical. proc. Sophia: Bal GRAD-BG, 2010. V. 19. – P.64-66.

3. K.M. Akpambetova, G.M. Zhangozhina, G.B. Abiyeva. Anthropogenesis landscape of the basin of the river Nura //Science and education - the leading factor of strategy of Kazakhstan-2030: collection of scientific. Trudy inst. int. scient. proc. - Karaganda: KSTU, 2002. – P.336-338.

4. G.M. Zhangozhina. Geoecological estimation of land resources in the basin of the river Nura //Search. - 2010. №4. – P.154-156.