Филологические науки/7. Язык, речь, речевая коммуникация

Ташимханова Д.С., Исмаилова А.А.,

Евразийский национальный университет им. Л.Н. Гумилева, Казахстан

About pecularities of modern newspaper interview

As it is known, exponents of functional styles are speech genres, or genre styles. By L. L. Kassatkina’s definition, speech genres are " particular kinds of texts, with, on the one hand, the specific features that distinguish the genres from each other, and with the other hand - community, which is due to the fact that certain groups of genres belong to one functional style” [2,59]. An integral component of genres is an interview.

In opinion of Tertychny А.А., an interview is the "receiving of necessary information from the witnesses of one or other events, specialists on a certain question, and also those people, whose opinions can appear interesting for readers, radio listeners, televiewers" [4,38]. In spite of "many-sided character", an interview occupies one of the highest positions on frequency of use and technique of execution.

In spite of seeming easiness, an interview, as researchers claim, is one of the most difficult genres, which require to follow certain tactics and strategy. Interview seems to be easy mostly because it usually seems that nothing is simpler, than to put questions and write down answers on them. However, practice shows, as far as this genre is difficult, as sometimes it is very difficult, but it is very important to make an interlocutor speak, lead an interview in a necessary course, but not just to write down speech of the interviewee.

Obviously, there is a certain part of subjectivism in an interview; however, in spite of it, an interview allows a consumer of information to get it as though "from the first hands". This method of information collection comes true by asking questions and receiving answers on them. A form of questions can be both spoken and written.

Different classifications of an interview are presented in scientific literature, in basis of which the most different parameters and criteria are placed by researchers. So, the author of researches about the methods of information collection М. Patton [6] depending on that, whether a structure of an interview is strictly set or more free, subdivides an interview into four groups:

- free, informal interview, interview-conversation, for realization of that an interviewer does not use questions prepared in advance, and adheres to the principle "go with the tide", maximally adapting to a character, interests and a system of values of an interviewee;

- «directing» interview, being applied with the purpose of receiving of information on certain similar themes from all interviewed persons, is more focused, though assumes the certain degree of freedom;

- standardized interview with open questions offers to all respondents identical questions, not giving a choice "yes” or “no" or other variants of answers; advantage of this kind of an interview in the quickness of realization and possibility it easily to analyse and compare his results;

- closed interview of multiple choice gives to all interviewees the same questions and suggests to choose answers from the same offered variants.

Researchers M.N. Kim and S.A. Bellanovsky concern about formalized, implying "a standardized and structured communication", and unformalized having fewer assignments of the content, an interview depending on the difference in the technique of the interview [5, 7].

Formalized interview differs a clear structure, its open, closed and / or semi-closed questions are arranged so that one question logically follows from the other, and they all provide the achievement of the overall design of the conversation. The method of unformalized interview includes various types of survey, and the selection of issues and building conversations are affected by its theme, the environment in which they take place, as well as a number of other factors.

According to the degree of intensity it can be distinguished short (lasting from ten minutes to an hour), medium (lasting more than an hour and sometimes referred to as "clinical") and focus, which are held on a particular procedure often to study the processes of perception.

On the content an interview is divided into documentary created with the purpose of studying past events and clarifying the facts, and interview - opinions, the purpose of which - the identification of assessments, opinions and judgments.

American researcher George Killenberg establishes his classification on the format in which the interview will appear in the newspaper, highlighting news interview, interview - investigation, interview - sketch and interview - portrait [8.23].

Researchers A.A. Grabelnikov, M.N. Kim, S.G. Korokonossenko include such types of the interview as interview - monologue and interview – dialogue [9, 5, 3]. Monologue - interview is a detailed response of the interviewee in advance formulated and proposed a question by a journalist. In the interview - dialogue, which S.G. Korokonossenko names "conversation-dialogue", the position of the interviewer and the interviewee are more equal. The shape of such an interview is a conversation in the form of questions and answers, where journalists are given the opportunity to ask, in addition to the basic, clarifying, guiding questions to clarify further details and bring the material completeness and interest. To these two types of interviews interview - polylogue can be added [3.145], where the number of interviewees is more than one. Interview-polylogue helps to identify the big number of people on the problem. To the selected types S.G. Korokonossenko also proposes to add express -interview and micro interview as ways of the rapid response of a journalist to just happened event.

Analysis of an interview classification proposed by M.N. Kim, allows to select a number of criteria on which it is based. Thus, the content of the interview is divided into eventful, problem (analytical) and portrait. By asking questions - on the standardized (formal, with a clear logic of questions and answers in the construction sequence of the questionnaire; compaction or questionnaires) and non-standardized (free organized is no longer a clear sequence of questions but a topic). According to the structural and compositional design the following types of an interview can be highlighted: the interview with the ordering of facts on temporary feature (for example, if you want to play a journalist in the material man's memories), an interview with the ordering of the material on the principle of "thesis-antithesis" (for example, to reflect the status of the discussions), an interview with the respondent's monologue with the author's comments [5,260].

Traditionally the interview is related to the information genre, so in the classifications of V.V. Voroshilov [10,140], A.A. Grabelnikov [9.218] the interview is considered strictly as an informational genre, but A.A. Tertychny speaks about the information, and the analytical interview [4,107]. The information obtained by the author as a result of the interview and being built in a question-answer form, reflecting the actual process of interviewing or simulating it can be represented by the author of the material in different ways, depending on his aimss and objectives. In the case where the author aims to transfer only obtained data during the interview to readers, it is about creating an information publication. But if the information obtained by the same method, is transformed by the author and presented on a gross basis, the researchers say about the establishment of the analytical material. Thus, analytical interview contains not just a statement, but the analysis of a fact [4,108].

A.A. Grabelnikov, referring the interview to the information genres due to presence of the event reason and consideration of individual facts or phenomena is more fractional division of the genre on interview - message, interview - sketches, interview - opinion, collective interview and questionnaire [9.219]. A distinctive feature of the interview - message is that the answers are set out as a journalist in abbreviated form, sometimes in the form of his report on the conversation. In an interview -sketch the author does not only ask questions, but also has the opportunity to express their views, to comment on the facts discussed, the environment in which the conversation takes place, give a brief description of the interviewee, with a few strokes to create his portrait. Interview-opinion is a detailed commentary given by a specialist, persons being competent in the field of interest of the reader, an event, a fact, issue. In a collective interview a few people seem to view on a particular issue or set of issues. This type of interview is useful to reflect the progress and results of talks for "round table", "business meetings" and other similar events.

According to its characteristic features the interview with a number of similarities has speech genres. Researcher Korokonossenko S.G. considers one of the types of the interview is conversation [3,145]. In the classification of A.A. Tertychny conversation, along with being treated with an interview is referred to the analytical genre, is a separate genre with its distinctive features [4,115]. The common features of conversation and interview are a two-part text, and the presence in both the exchange of thoughts, remarks. The difference is in a role of a journalist, as a journalist, asks questions, which determines the direction of reflection of the interviewee, but does not prejudge the substantive content and nature of the material. Journalist - companion is an equal creator of the content of the material, and the fact of participation in the conversation of two or more partners with equal rights, increases the chance of objective reporting facts or issues under discussion. Famous Canadian journalist specializing in the interview, John Sawatsky so shortly formulates the main difference between conversation and interview: "The purpose of the conversation is the exchange of information, the purpose of the interview is to obtain information" [12].

Interview is a similar genre as a survey (information, analytical survey, quiz). They are united by the fact that the source of the content material for publication is responses to a reporter's question. In contrast to the interview - survey presents a picture of the views of respondents composed by a journalist in the analysis and synthesis of their responses to one question.

Genre of a questionnaire, considered by A.A. Grabelnikov and M.N. Kim as one of the types of interview, in the most theoretical sources on Rhetoric and Publicism is given as an independent genre with original features. Source of information, as in the interview questions are designed by a journalist in the form of questionnaires, which are offered to a wide range of people, so that the journalist receives a large amount of information for further arrangement. As a result, original by content and building material what is more by a form only rarely coincides with the interview.

Generalization suggested by researchers of different classifications of the interview allows us to refine the parameters and criteria underlying the typology. The interview can be classified by the following parameters: functional - objective, quantitative (by a number of participants and their degree of equality in the course of the conversation), on length, size, structural and compositional design, the degree of standardization.

In order to identify the most common types, we analyzed the types of interview texts extracted from the Kazakh national and central American and British newspapers. To avoid the same type of materials we used formal and informal publication, offering a wide range of texts covering all areas of social and political life.

Comparative analysis of the above-mentioned interviews allowed to identify a number of similar and distinctive features of the Russian-speaking and English-speaking interviews. Thus, the number of participants and their degree of equality in the conversation as the Russian-speaking and English-speaking interviews are mostly interview - dialogues possessing a strong pragmatic orientation. However, only ten of the fifty-English interviews (20%) are familiar to the Russian-speaking reader format, when on a newspaper page journalist's questions alternate with answers of an interviewee.

A distinctive feature of the interview in English-language edition is the high proportion of involvement of the author. The interview contains not only the reflection of the conversation of the journalist with a hero, but also the author's comments about the hero, the facts of his biography, activity, reactions during the interview, the circumstances surrounding the process or discussing an event, etc., through which "shines" evaluation, the author's attitude to the hero / event. Thus, as though the author say about the story of the hero / events in which at certain intervals "weaves" questions and answers of the interlocutor. Staying a dialogue in its essence, the English-language interview is shaped like a monologue.

Analysis based on structural and compositional construction of an interview text revealed that the most popular form of newspaper interview in the English language edition was "an interview - story with comments of the author" (40%). Russian-language interviews with this type are 3% of all surveyed interviews.

The analysis showed that popular types of interviews are interviews with the ordering of the material on the basis of "catching thoughts of an interlocutor" (38% of Russian and 20% of English-language interview) and on the principle of "readers want to know" (25% of Russian and 14% of English-language interview).

The peculiarity of the English-language interview (in contrast to the Russian-language publications in Kazakhstan) is a strongly expressed tendency to authorization, subjectivity of the newspaper discourse and speech designing of the journalist and the interviewee. So, in English-speaking interview questions of the author do not stand out in terms of layout or font, resulting in an interview (75%) is a continuous text with "patches" of direct speech. The author of the Russian-speaking interview in contrast, seeks to avoid the monotony of the continuous text of a considerable volume, and "divide" interview into meaningful parts and gives names to each part (50%), often with the use of speech expressiveness.

Eliciting peculiarities of the Interview together allow to get an idea about the interview as a whole, which in its turn determines the genre model of a newspaper.

References

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