Veterinary/1.
Veterinary medicine
Ata-Kurbanov A.E.
Research Institute of Karakul Sheep Breeding and
Ecology Desert, Uzbekistan
Principles of complex monitoring of karakul sheep breeding.
Interdisciplinary approach
Karakul sheep
breeding is a main branch of stock-raising
in arid zones of Uzbekistan, which are produced mutton, wool, sheep
skin, karakul pelts, milk, dairy products, raw materials for pharmaceutical and
medical industry. This branch is engaged about 15-20 % of amount of habitants,
which are lived in Uzbekistan. More than 17.7 million heads of sheep and goats
are raised on the pasture area 22.5 million hectares at present time in
Uzbekistan, from them about 5.0 million are karakul sheep.
Sheep breeding is an extreme branch
of stock-raising and it development much dependent from the natural-climatic,
pasture-fodder conditions and health of animals. Several changes were occurred
in the karakul sheep breed for the last
ten years owing to different reasons – body weight, meat (mutton) and wool production,
duration of farm produce usage of animals reduced, genofund of breed is used
irrationally, amount of some valuable farm types and populations of karakul
sheep were decreased.
Producing structure of karakul sheep
breeding products in period reforming of branch was changed. Producing of meat
is obtained more economical importance. There is lack of legible conception on
system of reproduction sheep with account of breeding regions and farming
shapes. One of the disadvantages that reproduction technology is not observed
in some farms. Voluntary mating of ewe-dams has wide distribution; load rate of
dams on sire is low. As results lambing company is continued from January till
May months, bareness, repetition of sexual heat, gynecological deceases and
offspring losses were increased. It is necessary to notify that there are
ecological deceases in some regions which are results decline of environment
and unbalance of biogeosenosis that have negative affect on productivity,
viability and reproductive potential of animals.
One else condition that it is not
attach to complex evaluation of animals in elaboration of pedigree flocks,
lines and factorial types, besides at present time evaluation of sires by
survival rate of their progeny is not practiced.
Evidently that it is not sufficiently restrict investigations only
on narrate direction for solution of arisen problems and interdisciplinary
approach with engage many fields of science-genetics, morphology, reproduction
physiology, immunobiology, ecology is rationally in this case. We are used
system of monitoring for solution of existent goals. Only systematical approach
allow to us unify received data in unified complex and conduct observations for
functioning of organism by around year cycle. Systematical approach is a
methodological principle of investigations, which directed on study of organism
as an integrative structure in his tight relation with environment.
Multi component system of monitoring
allowed conduct observations not only for functioning of organism, but also
take opportunity on the base of received data
propose for production scientific
recommendations by managing of reproduction, increase adaptive potential,
reduce of embryonic mortality, normalization of immunobiological status and
rational use of genofund of karakul sheep (E.A. Ata-Kurbanov, 1991).
Thus, the goal of integral system of
monitoring is not only generalize of scientific results, but elaboration of specific
activities for solution of discovered producing and social problems.
Zoothehnical control. Such control necessary for observations of changes in genetic population
processes, which occur in the breed not for short time, but by passing long
time. The structure of breed was changed for the last 70 years. At present time
it involve 4 wool-constitutional and pelts types, 4 ethological, 3 ecological,
more than 28 factorial and breed’s types, which have different colors and more
than 25 colorations: 9 black, 9 sur, 5
gray, 2 white, 2 brawn, 1 pink. Therefore, this structure of karakul sheep
breed is allowed to produce wide assortment of karakul pelts, which adequate to
requirements of world market. However, several changes occurred in the breed
for more than 50 years, which is required conduct scientific analyze. For the
first time we say about level of production, live weight of animals and quality
of karakul pelts: average lambing weight on 250-400 grams, weaning weight (at
4-4.5 month age) on 4-5 kg, live weight of adult sheep on 8-10 kg, wool production
on 15-20 % was reduced. Duration of
farm producing live of dams on 1-2 years ( from 5-7 years to 4-5 years) and on
2-3 years (from 7 years to 5 years) in sires was decreased. Amount of sheep
also was reduced.
Essential changes occurred in the producing
structure of karakul pelts. For the last 30-40 years amount of ribbed sorts
karakul pelts are increased on 5-7 once or from 5-8 % to 25-40 %. So, part of
karakul pelts of “jaket” group with long semicircular curls, which is
traditional pelt’s type for Uzbekistan is reduced.
This capacity required to conduct
complex measures by stabilization amount of sheep, improve productivity and
quality of karakul pelts. The laboratory of reproduction elaborated project on
reforming zoo veterinary service karakul sheep breeding farms for rational use
genofund of karakul sheep (E.A. Ata-Kurbanov and al., 2002). One of the shapes
to improve zoo veterinary service can be construction regional pedigree
stations. These multi profiled pedigree stations have to serve farmers on zootechnical,
veterinary, biotechnology and ecological monitoring and they could be centers
by preservation and rational use of genetic resources, for control quality of
products, sorting of karakul pelts and preparing to exporting, for conduct
activity on innovate modern devices and instruments on artificially
insemination, produce special feeding granules, pelletted feed and premixes for
pure-strain animals, conduct activities on zooveterinary service and
certification of pure-strain sires. One of the important goals of zonal
pedigree stations is study farmers on conduct activities: for mating, valuation
of animals, breeding and rational using of pasture’s and water’s resources.
Laboratory conducts investigations to improve devices and instruments for
artificially insemination (AI), mobile items for AI, devices for receives and
evaluation quality of semen and others.
One else aim of zootechnical
monitoring is determining prioritized producing goals. These goals can be
decide in the condition of market relations only by comparative analyze of
prices on karakul pelts, meet, offspring, wool, sheepskin and others. Function
of markets nets in pasture-desert breeding is a single marketing structure for
farmers by which buy-selling is conducted. Markets are determined demand on
animal breeding products for current time and on future perspective. Markets is
an efficient mechanism through which can affect on structure of producing,
quality and quantity of animal breeding products. However requirement in
specialists on management, marketing, and zooveterinary control is existed.
Requirements in elaboration complex
program of around year multi profile producing technology of agricultural and
other sufficient products in pasture animals breeding regions for normalization
producing financial function farmers and shirkat (collective share) farms are
existed.
Thus, we can do conclusion on the
base of conducted zootechnical monitoring, that considerable achievements were
reached for the last 40-50 years in karakul sheep breeding. At the same time
several negative tendencies are occurred in the breed. We envisage that it is
necessary strictly regulation of intensity exploitation of dams population with
help of different biological active
substances, conduct designed rotation of pure-strain sires for reducing risk of elemental inbreeding, conduct timely
culling and castration not pure-strain sires, observe reproductive technologies
and raise offspring, optimize mating and lambing time with account of breeding
regions and farming shapes. It is expediently conduct analyses results of
lasting effect of natural and anthropogenic factors not only on quality of
karakul pelt, but in whole on the modern condition of breed.
Veterinary control. Veterinary control is system of measurements by diagnosis, prophylactic,
and treatment of not contagious, infectious, parasite diseases and control on
quality and veterinary-sanitary condition of products. This control is specific
in the desert-pasture breeding regions. This is that animals around year maintained
on the pastures, there for health and level of production dependent mainly from
condition of environment. Pasture animals have an eternal contact with
different species of plants, insects, rodents, ticks, wild predators, foxes,
domesticated dogs. They are sources and transferors of different infectious and
parasite diseases of domestic animals, and zoonosis, such as brucellosis,
leptospirosis, echinococcosis and other.
Thus system of veterinary activities
has to comprehend not only pasture agricultural animals, but wild fauna and
flora too.
Agro hydrological control.
Development of desert-pasture breeding on much dependent from condition of
pastures and level of rate of water supply of grazing pastures. For the last
decades effect of anthropogenic factors and instability of arid ecosystems lead
to reduce of fodder-producing aria, to degradation of plant’s cover, erosion
and salinization of soil. Fodder productivity of pastures have reduced on 1.5
once, aria of degradation and weed of plants which animals not consumed was
increased (Shamsutdinov Z.Sh., 2001).
It is necessary to notify that
water-supply aria is reduced. Therefore big pasture’s arias are not used. This
is lead to reduce of grazing pastures and concentration of flocks near watering
places and villages, this is result of enhance of degradation.
Thus, the questions of rational use
pastures and watering places, location of wells nets in desert-pasture animals
breeding regions required correction. At present time and in outlook
optimization of grazing rate pastures can be reach by improving of
water-supply, location wells and amount of animals on watering place.
Immunobiological control. Successful realization of selection programs on much dependent from
health of animals. However there is lack of control on relation of leading
selection attributes with resistance. Requirement of branch in acceptable
methods monitoring of resistance become more necessary, because level of
production and reproduction function of animals on much dependent from
condition of resistance. Damage from reduce of resistance is occurred in
results of increase of deceases, death, expenses on conduct
treatment-prophylactic activities, reduce of productivity and quality of
products, anticipatory calling of animals. The question of resistance has an
essential actuality in colored karakul sheep breeding. It is known that
selection on depigmentation of hair lead to reduce viability of animals.
Elaboration of immunobilogical basis to selection of high resistance animals
have an interest for forming lines and families which steady to deceases and
adverse factors of environment. One of the practical goals of immunobiological
control is timely diagnosis, prophylaxes and treatment of immune deficiency.
Three periods of immunological insufficiency in karakul sheep of different ages
was determined.
First period of immune deficiency determined with colostrums factors. Reason -
inopportune consumption of colostrums through 36 hours after lambing, bad
quality of colostrums, insufficient manifestation of sucking reflex in lambs,
mammal gland diseases, hypo galactia and agalactia.
Second period of immune deficiency in 25-30 days age lambs is observed. Reason –
elimination of mother’s colostrums immunoglobulin where own resistance
protecting factors of organism is not formed.
Third period of immune deficiency registered in 4-5 month age old lambs in weaning
period. Reason – technological and feeding stresses.
Natural remedies prepared from
ecological pure row materials of animal’s origination are used for diagnosis
and normalization of immunobiological status, reduce consequences of
immunodeficiency. It was used natural colostrums and blood’s serum. These
biological liquids of organism saturated with all classes of immunoglobulin and
also with hormones, ferments, vitamins and microelements. Besides, experimental
series of biological active extracts prepared from immunological organs –
thymus, spleen, placenta, lymphatic glands, marrow, lectins and multivitamins.
They are used for prophylaxes of immunodeficiency and gynecological diseases,
stimulation of growth and development offspring, reduce embryonic losses,
regulation of reproduction function.
Control of reproduction. This control necessary for elaboration optimal system managing of
reproduction with account of breeding regions and farming shapes.
We studied follow reproduction
attributes: margins of sexual season, duration of sexual cycles and heat,
course of pregnancy, pre birth, birth and afterbirth ethological signs, expression
of motherhood instinct, level of sperm antibodies, methods of evaluation semen
quality and increase efficiency of artificially insemination. Following
particularities of reproduction function were determined in karakul sheep.
Duration of sexual season from the end of June till February is manifested,
period of sexual quiet continuous from Mart till June, duration of sexual cycle
14-17 days, average duration of sexual heat is 24-30 hours, minimal 6-8 and
maximal 72 hours; there are differences in duration of sexual heat and
reproductive signs in different wool-constitutional types.
Physical-chemical properties slime
of cervix of the uterus was studied. Investigations were shown that temperature
fluctuation and physical-chemical properties of cervix slime connected with level
of sexual hormones.
Crystallization of cervix’s slime in
continuous of sexual heat has particularities. There is not crystallization of
slime in the beginning of sexual heat and it pattern is atypical. Primary and
secondary arms in the pattern of crystals is observed in middle of sexual heat,
thirdly and fourthly arms observe in the end of sexual heat or in pre ovulation
stage. Crystallization is not expressed after damping of sexual heat. It was
determined that these variation related with level of estrogens.
Simple method for determining
semen’s quality without use of microscope was tested. We added 1 drop of 0.01 %
of indicator to 1 drop semen to conduct investigations.Time of discoloration of
indicator (paint) correlated with density, mobility, resistance and
insemination efficiency semen.
System for managing of reproduction
of karakul sheep, improvement remedies for regulation and increase efficiency
of reproduction function, methods for prevention bareness and after birth
pathologies were proposed. Methods for diagnosis, prophylaxis and treatment of
immunodeficiency conditions, control immunobiological reactivity, selection of
animals with high viability and productive potential on the base of
immunobiological and morpho-physiological criterions was determined.
It is necessary to notify in
conclusion that one of the priorities of integral system of monitoring in
desert-pasture stock raising is an improving technology of conduct branch,
increase efficiency and culture of production and improving living standard of
peoples that live in arid regions of Uzbekistan.
Used literature
1. Ata-Kurbanov E.A. Immunobiological aspects of control resistance and
productivity of karakul sheep. Diss. for the scientific degree doct. of
philosophy in vet. sc. Moscow. 1991. - 421 p.
2. Recommendations “Elaboration of
biotechnological methods of intensification reproduction function of karakul
sheep. Ata-Kurbanov E.A., Markaryan V.S., Ata-Kurbanov A.E. Samarkand, 2002
3. Shamsutdinov Z.Sh. Adaptive systems of rational use and phyto
melioration of arid pastures of Russia and Central Asia. In book: “Problems of
social-economic development arid territories”, part 2, Moscow, 2001.-23-41
p.