Бекжигитова З.С., Майер Н.О., Хитрова Э.И.

Карагандинский государственный университет имени академии Е.А. Букетова

Development problems of internal and entrance tourism in Kazakhstan

Tourism - one of the most dynamic branches of economy. Rates of its development and volumes of currency receipts influence national economy that promotes formation of own tourist industry. Fast turnover of means at small investments is the main advantage of tourist branch.

The industry of tourism is many-sided and includes a set of the services created for customer acquisition: hotels, tourist firms, clubs, fitness centers, sports grounds etc. Tourism promotes creation of a huge number of new workplaces, thereby providing employment to a large number of people in various spheres.

Tourism, certainly, makes impact on interests, outlook and a way of life of the population of a host, causing the so-called demonstrative effect leading to growth of requirements at foreign visitors, and at locals. The country accepting tourists feels the competition in the most different areas of tourist’s service and is compelled at the offer of tourist services to react to the increasing inquiries of clients, turning thereby the tourist industry into one of public progress factors.

At the present time all types of tourism in the Republic of Kazakhstan are at the growth stage. Positive dynamics in the hotel industry where there is both a quantitative and high-quality growth is observed. Every year the number of tourists firms and number occupied increases in tourism.

Now tourism is one of seven priority clusters of development of Kazakhstan economy. Territories of the Republic have all tools for tourism development thanks to which we have good chances to enter the international market with the competitive final product. But, despite the general positive tendency of development tourism of Kazakhstan faces certain problems.

Analyzed economy of Kazakhstan in general, it is possible to notice progress of many branches (oil-extracting and metallurgical branches), except tourism (both entrance, and internal). All infrastructure of services industry and tourism remains at that level which was put during the Soviet Union, and, unfortunately, doesn't develop at all and if that develops individuals, but not as the state. The state develops various programs for development of tourism in the country, but for their performance of very few people are responsible. But for a start, for development of Kazakhstan as region, strong on tourism, it is required to improve infrastructure, to simplify rules of crossing of border or at least to adjust accurate work of migratory service. Along with old hotels it is possible to refer to shortcomings of infrastructure also outdated automobile base, the nonprofessional organization of services of food, a lack of qualified staff.

We will consider each component of tourism infrastructure at the modern level:

1. Condition of transport.

Today the international airlines of Kazakhstan allow carrying out flights to Germany, India, the United Arab Emirates, Turkey, Italy, the Republic of Korea, Hungary, Israel, China and Thailand. Air transportation carries out the national carrier of "Air-Kazakhstan" and other airlines working at the internal and international markets. Most of tourists prefer in respect of service and reliability of service of foreign carriers that involves decrease in passenger traffic on the flights made by domestic carriers. Besides, the high cost of air tickets increases the cost of a tourist product of Kazakhstan and, respectively, reduces its competitiveness in the international market.

Development of the motor transport entirely depends on a road condition and existence of appropriate maintenance of tourist vehicles. The bus fleet of the republic is in the worst state, besides has practically no modern comfortable buses that don’t allow maintaining high level of tourist’s service. The main railway carrier the Republican state enterprise "Kazakhstan temir zholy" makes transportations of passengers along 14 routes. Passenger trains to Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Russia, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan by the railroads of Kazakhstan.

River transportations aren’t almost developed, only small excursion trips.

2. Means of placement.

If to consider the hotel capacity of the Republic of Kazakhstan, it is possible to make the following conclusions: the quantity of means of placement increased for 59% during the period from 2002 to 2007. And if since the beginning of the 90th about 60% of hotels were closed or reorientated, that for the period 2005-2007 the return process - opening of new hotels and guest houses is noted. It bears witness that nevertheless development of infrastructure happens, but slowly, i.e. the number of objects of placement increases on average for 10% in a year.

But one of the most serious restrictive factors in origin of tourist business in the republic is low opportunities of material resources of the industry of tourism. The main cause of giving a low-quality tourist product in the regional centers for foreign visitors was and are left absence of hotels of the corresponding class, and the available hotel base is worn-out for 80 percent, the part of hotels is in a decadent state and on the verge of bankruptcy as were constructed in the sixties and till present time weren't restored.

Considering insufficient development of tourism infrastructure, and also limitation of financial means, it is necessary to define priorities of prime construction of a network of hotels, guest houses and motels, and also camping within implementation of the Eurocamping project at the regional level directed on construction of a network of hotels of category of three or two-stars and a tourist's class.

3. Service level.

One of key problems of tourism development is preparation of tourist staff. Now in Kazakhstan taking into account the state, private and Russian branches, 28 are conducting training of tourism managers. The beginning of such preparation in Kazakhstan was put in 1992. Staff of tourist branch still remains unsatisfactory. In the majority of the insufficient level of teaching knowledge structure about the tourist potential of Kazakhstan and experience in tourist branch is the main reason for it. As a result, training of specialists is conducted without sufficient accounting of the maintenance of domestic tourist and recreational resources, technologies of their use for reception of tourists and a technique of address advertizing of tourist services among potential clients. Therefore the considerable part of graduates of higher educational institutions isn’t able to carry out tour operator functions fully.

Also it is possible to carry to the main problems which are slowing down developments of tourist branch in Kazakhstan:

· Dissociation of participants of the tourist market;

· Insufficiently developed standard and legal base;

· Inadequately high prices of placement at rather low level of development of tourist infrastructure.

Necessary condition for elimination of the specified problems and providing a sustainable development of tourist branch is support of tourism at the state level.

Inflated prices of tourist’s placement are a consequence of an inefficient tax policy of the state. Elimination of this problem and reduction in compliance of services cost to the Central European prices requires introduction in subjects of the Republic of Kazakhstan of the local tourist rent raised from the enterprises of tourism sphere by restructuring other taxes. The raised funds can be invested in development of tourist objects infrastructure and recreational resources.

From the point of view of domestic and foreign experts ecological tourism is the most perspective and attractive direction for tourists. Special plus is a variety of climatic zones that is non-standard for the majority of the countries and can become object of interest for foreign travelers. The data obtained by foreign marketing specialists prove that ecological tourism can become a serious source of receipts in the state budget. Kazakhstan, according to the WTO, has all prerequisites for development of this branch.

Most of experts are sure that Kazakhstan far not completely uses the opportunities for tourism development, and meanwhile extensive international experience shows that the industry of tourism is one of the most perspective branches of national economy.

In summary it is possible to tell that tourism in general renders three positive effects on development of the Republic of Kazakhstan national economy: provides inflow of foreign currency, has positive impact on such economic indicators as the balance of payments and cumulative export, and helps to increase employment of the population. Growth of tourism has to happen mainly due to emergence of the new visited territories as traditional areas of the world tourist market already reached a limit of recreational capacity. In this regard Kazakhstan has unique opportunity to occupy the niche in the world tourist market.

Literature:

1. http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P1300000192

2. http://articlekz.com/article/8784

3. http://www.rusnauka.com/28_OINXXI_2010/Economics/72648.doc.htm

4. http://lib.tr200.net/v.php?id=176727&sp=1&fs=17

5. http://knowledge.allbest.ru/sport/2c0a65635a3bc68b4d43b88421316d37_1.html