Tovma N A
Doctor (PhD)
Kazakh National University named
al-Farabi
Improving accounting import operations in the Republic of Kazakhstan
Abstract. This
article describes the main indicators of foreign economic activity. Shows feature excluding import
operations. Proposed documentation
of import operations. Developed
and presented for practical use asortimentno-forward-looking statements.
Keywords: accounting import operations, reporting foreign trade.
Relevance of the research topic. The main feature of the present stage of development of the world
economy is its globalization, and as a consequence - the
increasing role of foreign economic relations in the economic development of all countries.
The rapid development of market
relations in the Republic of Kazakhstan
in recent years contributed to a
dramatic revitalization of Kazakh
companies in foreign markets. Relative financial and economic
and monetary stabilization in the
economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan
has led to an increase in imports.
In 2003, Kazakhstan's imports amounted to 6446.0 million
U.S. dollars, in 2013 reached
U.S. $ 17,352,500,000 [1, p.98; 2 p.68]. In the context of the development and establishment of foreign
trade becomes relevant audit. It should be noted that the role of audit and
import operations will continually increase as the volume of import operations, integration of Kazakhstan into the world economy,
which is the objective consequence of
the strengthening of market relations. This ensures that the audit
organizations need to identify
approaches to the audit, to develop procedures for its implementation, thereby systematizing the
process of inspection, improve its
objectivity. In modern conditions of audits should be oriented not only for validation reporting organizations importers, but also a
deep analysis of their activity. This
factor will become increasingly important due to the fact that in Kazakhstan due to a large extent their
own and transit country is extremely high transport component in the final cost of imported goods. Using practice techniques of financial analysis and import operations
allows us to express an opinion not only on the reliability of these operations and their compliance with
the current legislation, but also
the impact of these operations on the viability of enterprises in the short term. Thus, the relevance of the topic of dissertation
research for the following reasons:
- the
growing influence of foreign trade, in particular
import operations on the economy during the expansion of its participants and increasing the share of foreign trade transactions
in the total amount of their financial
and economic activities;
- specificity
of trade transactions in
connection with which, in addition to the civil law,
they are subject to currency and customs regulations, which
complicates the task of assessing compliance
with these transactions, the
current legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the establishment of reliable data
on foreign trade organization in
its overall financial reporting, reduces
the quality assurance information
provided by its users;
- increased
risk of distortion of accounting
and the financial statements;
- the
inability to confirm the accuracy of the reported data on foreign trade transactions and their economic viability
because of the lack of information about
them segregated in the General Accounting organization,
which reduces the quality of audits and
significantly improves the audit risk.
Thus,
considering the problems of accounting, audit and analysis of import operations and
ways to solve them, at the present stage
is relevant both from the theoretical
and practical points of view.
Degree of scrutiny of the problem. Significant
contribution to the study of issues accounting, auditing and analysis of import transactions made by such researchers as VP
Astakhov, AP Barhatov NN GANEEV, Y. Grigoriev,
V. Zhukov, JG Leontiev,
AF Mukhin, OP Matveev, VF Ovseychuk, VV Patras,
TY Tereshko, NV Ulyanov,
NT Shalashova, AD Sheremet, Shilenko and others. Some
contribution to the problem have
investigated Kazakh scientists G. Appakova, ST Mirzhakypova,
VL Nazarova, LA Nurgazieva,
OO Nurseitov VK Radostovets,
AN Salina, SJ Tashenova
and JS Tolpakov.
Paying tribute to the accumulated
scientific expertise in this area,
it should be noted that the available publications on this topic affect only some of the issues related to the implementation of foreign
trade, but a detailed study of methodological issues on the integration of various types of transactions for import of goods
is currently lacking. In some of them, the issues of accounting calculations, accounting for direct deliveries, accounting involving intermediary records
on consignment and developed statements to
account for export operations. But
the arrangement of the cost of the
imported equipment is theoretically and
practically received little attention. Publications as the
results of research on this important issue is almost there. And if
there is no accounting treatment costs,
it is not determined by the self-sufficiency
and import operations. Remain unexplored
planning the audit, audit for compliance with import transactions
currency, customs, civil litigation and
tax and import operations, the definition and use of analytical
procedures in the audit of import
operations. Study of the existing
approaches to evaluating the results of FEA showed that there
is still no clear guidelines, procedures
for determining the import operations that would allow reliable assessment of
the activities of organizations. Lack of
objective and timely assessment of FEA reduces
the rationality of management
decisions, resulting in a delayed reaction to an
accomplished event managers.
Consequently, there is an objective
scientific problem of development of
accounting, auditing and analysis of import operations on the new methodological and organizational basis. So it is
necessary to: identify the features
of the account and import operations, modify the primary accounting documents
and import operations, create audit methodology import
and foreign exchange operations, improve
audit work through the implementation of
a comprehensive economic analysis of
import operations.
The purpose and objectives of the study. The aim
is to develop recommendations on accounting,
auditing and analysis of import operations. In order to achieve the intended purpose in the work were as follows:
-
Submit forms of primary accounting
documents import operations;
- To
recommend some form of accounting statements import
operations;
Thus, as a result
of the study, an attempt to solve the problem of accounting,
auditing and analysis of import
operations.
Theoretical and methodological basis of research. Theoretical
and methodological basis of research are epistemology, dialectics, the theory of
knowledge, economic theory, the writings of leading
domestic and foreign scholars on
issues of accounting, auditing and
financial analysis. Legal research
and information support form the legislative, regulatory and legal acts, standards, guidance, teaching,
and other regulatory documents, accounting,
auditing and financial analysis. When
justifying the decision and
methodological issues applied scientific methods (deduction, induction, analysis, synthesis, abstraction), traditional techniques of economic analysis and statistics. Information base study were projects of international organizations USAID «Accounting
Reform", the official statistics agency
RK Statistics.
Scientific novelty of the study. Scientific
novelty of work consists of a comprehensive approach to solving the methodological issues
accounting, audit and analysis of
import operations.
Main scientific results. The study
produced the following results:
- Modified
forms of primary accounting documents import operations;
- Recommended
separate reporting forms, practical recommendations for reporting
transformation and formation of
segmental reporting, in particular
the model of the formation of segmental reporting by
geographic and business segments.
The practical significance of the study. Presented
in this paper an integrated approach to accounting,
control and audit of import operations
can provide qualitatively new production accounting and analytical
work of the organization. Recommended in the thesis records will improve the level of control and import operations.
Made during the preparation of research proposals for segmental
reporting organizations importers, optimizing its use, improve the quality of accounting.
Import role in the economy
International trade existed in
ancient times: economic and political ties between the two countries emerged
with the advent of the nation-state, but the formation of the world market,
covering trade in much of the country, and then all over the world, has become
possible only with the transition to large-scale machine industry, and was
completed by the beginning of the XX century. It is the transition to
large-scale machine production has led to escalating national market in the
world, when the foreign trade of a complement internal development of a
country, has become a necessary condition for the proper functioning of its
economy. In this case the initial stages of its formation in the global
circulation of commodities, the greatest share of food and raw materials
exported from agricultural countries, and finished products, mainly consumer
goods from industrialized countries. In connection with the export of capital
in the country's agro-commodity gradually increased the share of trade in
equipment which, after the Second World War at the forefront of world trade.
Radical transformation of the productive forces in the scientific and
technological revolution has given further impetus to deepening
internationalization of economic life [3, p. 469]. External trade, in the form
of exchange of goods between widely spaced from each other countries and
regions using sea routes and land routes. The basis of trade policies
implemented by countries of the international community, based on three main
areas: "North-North", "North-South",
"South-South". Trade policy of the "North-South" are a
vertical pattern of international division of labor, where the developing
country exports all kinds of resources, and imports machinery, food, durables.
Such a model is characterized by the absence of relations of complementarity of
the economy, which is not typical of relations between countries of the
"North-North". In any case, when it comes to trade policy of the
North or the South, it should be borne in mind that it is carried out in line
with foreign or international trade. In this first - is focused on the impact
of the state on trade relations with other countries. In the second case, are
reflected the collective interests of a group of countries. World experience
implementing such policies based on the principles of free trade and protectionism
[4, s.655]. Modern international trade theory have their origin from the
classical political economy of Adam Smith and David Ricardo. And Smith
substantiated the thesis according to which the basis for the development of
international trade is the difference in the absolute costs of the production
of goods in different countries: some countries can produce goods more
efficiently than others. In the theory of absolute advantage, proving the profitability
of world trade, Adam Smith wrote: "If any country can supply us with some
item at a cheaper price than we are able to produce it, it is much better to
buy it from her for some of the own industrial labor supplied in the area in
which we have some advantage "[5, s.471]. D. Ricardo proved not only the
possibility but also the necessity of cooperation in the implementation of
trade even in the presence of absolute advantage of one country in the
production of all products: this country will receive a prize, if it gives up
less effective in favor of more efficient. Total production can be increased,
according to this theory, at the expense of additional benefits that have
arisen in the country specializes in the manufacture of the products for which benefits
costs are especially high [6, p.116-117]. Considering the views of the classics
can be noted that in order to achieve the economic effect of participation in
the international division of labor should develop production for export, which
allows to obtain the greatest currency earnings per unit costs of social labor,
and import those goods, its own production which would require the greatest
expenditure of social labor expended per unit of foreign currency.
Reflection of the dynamics of the national economy are
indicators of foreign trade import component. According to the Law "On
Export Control" refers to imports under import goods into the customs
territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan with the aim of permanently or be used
[7]. According to Article 8 of the Customs Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan
"all persons shall have an equal right to import into the Republic of
Kazakhstan goods and vehicles, except as provided by the Customs Code and
international treaties ratified by the Republic of Kazakhstan" [8, p.8]. A
distinctive feature of the import definition noted in legislation is an
indication of the trait that characterizes both import import import facilities
outside the customs territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan without obligation
to re-export them. [7]
During the reform period in the
Republic of Kazakhstan foreign trade underwent significant changes that can be
systematized in four stages:
1) 1987 - 1991: the existence of
a unified state plan and economic complex, defining foreign economic ties
between republics and countries [9, p.7]. During this period, all foreign trade
was regulated by a system of state orders. Only in 1988 was created the first
foreign trade association "Kazakhintorg" involved in export-import
operations and acts as an intermediary between the national and foreign
partners;
2) 1990-1995 gg: the
liberalization of foreign trade [9, p.9]. Substantial liberalization of foreign
economic activity was conducted in 1995-1996, which was expressed in the
de-monopolization of the state foreign trade associations, the elimination of
export quotas and import licenses as well (except for the list of strategically
important resources and products). In the institutional structure of Kazakhstan
in this period there were significant changes formed departmental bodies such
as the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations, Customs management, joint
ventures and its own foreign trade bank. Adopted documents regulating foreign
trade activities of a sovereign state: the law of RK "On foreign investments",
Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On the order of import and
export goods, works and services in the territory of the Republic of
Kazakhstan" and others. Significantly increased the proportion of economic
agents in connection with the adoption of the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan
"On the liberalization of foreign economic activity", where all
enterprises are entitled to carry out independent foreign economic activity,
except for imports of strategically important resources. The lion's share of
foreign trade turnover of the Republic of Kazakhstan accounted for the
following companies: "Kazakhintorg" (113.4 million dollars),
"Kazkooperativneshtorg" (219.3 million dollars) [10, p.109].
3) 1996 - 1999 - further reforms
to liberalize foreign trade and the conclusion of multilateral treaties and
agreements with the countries of the CIS and abroad [9, p.9]. During this
period there was a shift in international commodity nomenclature of foreign
trade (15 July 1997). The procedure for issuing import licenses for goods began
to comply with international standards and regulations. Technical barriers to
trade are minimized, in particular the minimum list of approved products
(works, services) subject to mandatory certification for compliance with the
standards or other normative documents, ensuring the safety of people's lives.
Canceled non-market methods of regulation of foreign trade. Great progress has
been achieved during this period in the harmonization of legislation. Adopted
regulations governing foreign economic activities, in particular the law of the
Republic of Kazakhstan "On state support of direct investments",
amended the Customs Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan, introduced the Law of
RK "On export-import currency control". In order to create a level
playing field for traders introduced uniform excise taxes on alcohol and
domestic and imported crude oil producer. Thus, by the end of 1999, trade and
balance of payments has improved;
4) since 2000, is characterized
by relatively high and sustainable level of growth [9, p.8]. At this stage, in
our view, there was sufficient legal and regulatory framework regulating import
operations.
This
report covers one tax period and characterizes the inflow and outflow
of funds. Information about the cash flow organization is useful in that it provides users of financial statements to evaluate the ability of the base to attract businesses and
use the extra cash. Development
of reporting systems in foreign
economic activity has its own history. For example, when administrative economy system, all indicators
included in the report forms, primarily intended for administration.
Priority was given to statistical
information, which provides centralized control over performance, especially performance
plans turnover. Data
such statements were
formed only vertically (region,
province and the whole country), it was necessary to control foreign trade activities. The question of
accounting and its content became especially relevant in connection
with the need for it users of information. In a market individuals or groups of individuals make decisions related to their present and future economic activity,
so you need to pay special attention to
the formation of such information, which would satisfy the requirements of those
who use it. To assess the accuracy,
as well as analysis of the functioning of
various groups created consolidated
financial statements. Describing the consolidated financial statements, note its
inherent characteristics: first, it is reporting a special education
- a group of related organizations in certain financial and economic relations; secondly, the consolidated financial
statements are prepared based on the
reporting of group members with
special accounting procedures. In
today's business opportunities are widely used personal computers, in
particular special programs that frees accountants from
carrying bulky and trudnoproveryaemyh calculations and increases the economic feasibility and reliability of accounting. In this regard,
the formation of the reporting forms
must comply with criteria such as
purpose of comparability of accounting data and calculated
indices, etc. To improve the reporting system in foreign trade
activities necessary to ensure the unity and completeness of the data generated
from a variety of sources. Currently, however, there is a natural link and cost
accounting. For example, information about the material, labor and financial
resources represented in various forms - financial, statistical and
operational.
Reporting in accordance with
IFRS-major lever improve analytic information for both external and internal
users in the foreign trade organizations.
Significant problems currently arise from the fact that the foreign practice of
business organization must adapt to Kazakhstan information base. For example,
the statements have been prepared in accordance with international accounting
principles (GAAR, CcAP) requires a transformation process (ie the compilation
and preparation of the multi-stage conversion of short-term indicators of
accounting records, formed in accordance with the regulations governing the
procedures and rules of accounting in Kazakhstan).
The transformation process
requires careful preparation of the initial information. Along with the use of
forms of financial statements prepared by Kazakh standards, it is necessary to
prepare a large amount of analytical information based directly on accounts. In
general transformation technique may be represented by the following steps:
-comparison of guidelines for the
preparation and the preparation of financial statements according to
international standards;
- Harmonization of the internal
filling elements of financial statements;
- Streamlining the reporting
structure;
- Reporting of the effects of
hyperinflation;
- Restatement in a freely
convertible currency.
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