PhD.: Aubakirova Z.Y.

Master of Academy: Altynbekova G.A.

Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Kazakhstan

Social policy as a factor in sustainable economic development and economic security

Social protection and social policy is always pressing issue of economic policy and economic efficiency. This is even more important for Kazakhstan, ascertaining the welfare state itself. Socially oriented market economy involves a significant activity of the state in solving social problems. This is due to the fact that the market economy does not guarantee workers the right to work, the standard of well-being, education, and does not provide social protection of the disabled people, the poor and pensioners. Therefore there is a need for government intervention in the distribution of income by the scope of social policies. In the end everything depends for the solution of this problem: the power and independence of the state, welfare of the people, the stability of the political atmosphere in the society [1].

Among the main tasks undertaken in the field of social policy and its important areas - social protection should include: the reform of the housing sector; revision of the principles of functioning of insurance institutes general and the pension system, in particular [2].

The formation of modern forms and models of the state social policy occurred in the second half of the XIX century in Western Europe and was conditioned by the needs of industrialization of their economies and the regulation of social order. [3]

To date, there are following main types of welfare states: a model of Bismarck, Beveridge model and the Swedish model.

Model of Bismarck. By its basic characteristics should include the following: the size of pensions and benefits dependent on salary.

This model is characterized by the management of democracy and transparency of financial flows. To the states relating to the model (Germany, France, Greece) the main political objective of putting income protection while laying responsibility for the opportunity of having a job on the worker.

Beveridge model. Its general characteristics are as follows.

Three-level type of social protection, which assigned to the state obligation to provide basic guarantees of social protection to the entire population, for an employer - social (professional) employees insurance (in which the employee takes partial participation), the employee - an additional private insurance. W. Beveridge believed that family allowances and the national health service should be financed from the state budget, and other measures of social protection - by contributions of employees and employers themselves, as well as state subsidies. Beveridge system, common in the UK and Ireland, based on the principles: every citizen should be covered by social insurance benefits or social assistance in an emergency (illness, retirement age, death, birth, etc.).

Next model is a Swedish. Highlights: the financing of social expenditure due to the revenue side of the budget; a high level of accessibility and measures of social support of the population [4].

The Scandinavian model, which exists in Sweden, Norway, Finland, Denmark, adheres to the principles of: all living in the country have the right to social security; all work shall be entitled to benefits depending on earnings. State as its main political task puts full employment and assumes responsibility for it.

If we consider the transformation of the social security systems in the CIS countries, it can be said that they are moving from the Nordic model to the Beveridge model.

The term "Scandinavian model" refers to a greater extent to the social sphere, as the Nordic countries are very close to the area of social policy. Social and economic leader in the region in favor Sweden and therefore equivalent to the term "Scandinavian model" was the term "Swedish model." A specific feature of the Swedish model is that economic policy is actively pursued two goals: maximum employment and income equality. To solve them, the state intervenes in the labor market and contains an exceptionally large public sector engaged in the redistribution of income for these purposes [5].

The uniformity of the distribution of income among all the inhabitants of the country is the foundation of social stability. The Gini coefficient is a statistical measure of the degree of separation for a particular feature of society. Income inequality is one of the social problems of modern society. [6]

Image 1. Gini indices in Kazakhstan and Sweden

[Note: Compiled by the author on the basis of the Republic of Kazakhstan Statistics Agency [7]. * 2012 year the most recent available.

For several decades, the most widely used indicator to measure inequality in society is the indicator of the concentration of household income - Gini coefficient. But whether it is authentic? It might seems that within the same country, and it is such, but not on a global scale. Each country has its own characteristics and strategies for optimization of inequality, its parameters and depth, there is no universal and equal for all countries equal the best indicator of concentration of income - Gini coefficient [6].

As you can see from the performance difference between the developed social Switzerland and Kazakhstan is insignificant, thus showing discrepancies of Gini index.

Incomes of the population formed by receiving wages, pensions, scholarships, grants, revenues from the sale of goods produced on their own farm, as payment for services rendered, revenues from the sale of personal property, renting it.

Table 1. Statistical data on pensions and pensioners in Kazakhstan

	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015
The number of pension recipients, people	1695301	1732412	1759321	1863615	1918516	1980847
The average amount of the granted pension, to KZT	21238	27388	29644	31918	36068	38933
The number of recipients of state social benefits, people	767239	778504	768747	791631	774149	767458
The average size of a designated state social benefits, to KZT	14037	15520	16384	17738	19918	21674
The minimum pension, to KZT	12344	16047	17941	19066	21736	23692

[Note: The table is compiled by the author on the basis of the Republic of Kazakhstan Statistics Agency data http://www.stat.kz [8]].

The number of recipients of pensions in the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2015 amounted to 1980.8 thousand people, while the average monthly pension was assigned to 21674 tenge, and the minimum pension was 23692 tenge.

Table 2. Statistical data on pensions and pensioners in Sweden

	2013	2014	2015
all pensions	2 056 739	2 102 171	2 141 269
the number of pension recipients, people	2 070 113	2 116 486	2 156 924
guaranteed pension	761 602	786 859	770 189
retirement income	1 224 700	1 333 519	1 434 426
supplementary pension	1 945 739	1 997 403	2 033 232
premium pension	1 111 513	1 217 035	1 314 551
property Extras	274 270	284 640	290 663
in particular, additional retirement	977	918	850

[Note: Compiled by the author based on the Swedish Pensions Agency https://secure.pensionsmyndigheten.se/FAQEnglish.html data [9]].

As part of the social policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan, one of the strategic priorities of the government announced provision of decent employment as its main type of social security. Providing employment is an essential condition for the development and implementation of human resources, the main means of social wealth growth and quality of life. Raising living standards in Kazakhstan with the 2000s is a stable trend, which is confirmed by the positive dynamics of income and other indicators, traditionally used for this feature. [10]

In the twentieth century happened in Sweden, which is often called the "economic miracle". This welfare state has attracted great attention from experts in the social sciences and policy makers around the world, and its experience to some degree was acceptable for other countries. The economic success of Sweden and a high growth rate in the last ten years show that the direction of reform in Swedish was chosen correctly. Therefore, the study of Swedish experience in this regard, it is important for economic science, and for the post-Soviet practices [8].

Experience in other countries shows that the success of the social state is possible only on the basis of a highly developed economy, which must be effective, socially oriented, serving the interests of all strata of society. Kazakhstan needs to take into account the positive experience of developed countries in the construction of legal, democratic and social state, especially in the formation of state policy in the field of education, health and social assistance, as the most important areas of social policy to achieve this level.

References

1. Z.S. Muhambetova, J.C. Bulanov, T. J. Talap, Social Policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan at the present stage. Collectors conferences SIC sociosphere - 2013. № 57. p.82-84.

2. Orazgalieva A.K. Prospects and the development of an integrated social protection system in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Siberian financial school: AVAL. - 2009. - N 3. - p. 34-36.

3. E.I. Holostova, prof. G.I. Klimantova, Social Policy: A guidebook for undergraduate / M: Yurayt, 2011, p. 367.

4. Sochneva E.N. Analysis of the current model of Russia's social policy. Problems of Modern Economics, N 3 (27), 2008

5. A.Volkov Scandinavian model. World and national economy. MGIMO Russian Edition. - 2013. № 1 (24).

6. A.D. Kosmin, V.A. Siryak Factor Jinny as an indicator of population appeasement. Bulletin of Omsk University. "Economy" series.2011. № 1. p. 57-63.

7. Internet resource. [Access]: http://knoema.ru/atlas. World Data Atlas.