Philosophy / 6. Philosophy of Science

Edward Layakov,

Rafael Rakhmatullin

Bashkir State Agrarian University, Russia

The criteria of scientific knowledge

How to distinguish scientific activities from unscientific? It is when you try to answer this question appeared positivism. The founder of positivism, Comte for the separation of scientific and non-scientific statements has introduced the principle of verification. If the theory can be proved or disproved with facts, we have the right to call it scientific. But if this is not possible, then the theory is unscientific. For example, saying "Earth arose early Mars" is now impossible to verify. Therefore, it should not be included in the science [1; 2].

Scientific knowledge is not unique, rather it aspires to universality. This is the reason of such a feature it as reproduction, that is, the reproducibility of the results. In many sciences, which means reproducible experimental results. If the products of art are unique, unrepeatable, the scientific theories and ideas can be replicated in an arbitrarily large quantities without any loss in quality [3].

Key components and features of science as a complex social phenomenon very clearly identified modernity, when science has become a direct productive force. Now it is impossible to assert that science - this is the contents of books and libraries. But this system is not only a means for the production of new knowledge, but the most important social institution with a strong infrastructure and a large number of workers. It serves not only the cognitive role in modern society, but it also has philosophical, social, and educational functions. Particularly noteworthy feature of modern science to act as a direct productive force. Now she joined with the production, on the one hand feeding it with new ideas, materials and technologies, on the other hand, receiving from the means of production to new research. Important role of science and to address global challenges, particularly in the environmental sphere [4]. The question of the criteria of scientific knowledge is essential to any science, even for the application. There are the following types of criteria of scientific knowledge:

a) logical criteria: consistency, completeness and independence. The criterion of consistency characterizes the requirement of non-simultaneous statements mutually exclusive packages. The completeness criterion meets exhaustive, comprehensive knowledge. The criterion of independence - an indicator of the adequacy, reliability, knowledge, degree of penetration into the essence of reality and causal base, regardless of the subject content knowledge about the world, its principles and laws;

b) empirical ( "verification", "falsification") criteria associated with experience, practice. In the philosophy of neo verifiability and corroboration (verifiable), irrefutably identified. Popper believes that the criterion of scientific theory is refutable and verifiable her - falsification. Irrefutably rebuttable, verifiability, falsifiability is an indicator of the dynamics of absolute and relative aspects of knowledge at certain stages of its development;

c) ekstralogicheskie ( "simplicity", "beauty", "heuristic", "coherence"). The criterion of simplicity, indicates the selection of the optimum and minimum required means and ways to solve research problems and the organization of scientific knowledge that avoid complex designs. This criterion of clarity meet the criteria of rigor, accuracy. The essence of the beauty of the principle that a good theory is particularly aesthetic harmony, elegance, clarity and harmony. The criterion of coherence requires coordination, interconnection of research results obtained with the knowledge that has already been assessed as fundamental [5]. Thus, coherence ensures safety science from penetrating into the pretentious, do not have sufficient grounds to judgments and provisions. Heuristic criterion characterizes the potency of knowledge for growth. A more heuristic that theory that helps to predict new facts, provide knowledge gains, rather than simply codifies the already known facts. Scientific knowledge is always fundamentally incomplete. Unable to get the absolute truth, so far as knowledge is infinite. The more we know, the no longer know. At the same time we must not forget about the subjective component in the knowledge that allows us to characterize scientific knowledge as a unity of objective and subjective [6].

Literature:

1. Рахматуллин Р. Ю. Особенности научного познания // Молодой ученый. 2014. № 16. С. 211-213.

2. Семенова Э.Р. Эмпирическое и теоретическое в научном познании // Вестник научных конференций. 2015. № 2-4 (2). С. 135-136.

3. Лукманова Р.Х., Столетов А.И. Проблема истины в философии Хайдеггера // Философия и общество. 2008. № 4. С. 166-174.

4. Давлетгаряева Р.Г. О необходимости становления экологически ориентированной системы образования // Учитель Башкортостана. 1998. С. 36.

5. Камасина Р.Р., Семенова Э.Р. Научная картина мира как высшая форма научного знания // Вестник научных конференций. 2015. № 3-1 (3). С. 68-70.

6. Вардикян Р.В., Семенова Э.Р. Проблема объективности научного знания // Вестник научных конференций. 2015. № 3-1 (3). С. 35-36.