Филологические науки /Риторика и стилистика

Даниярова А.

Региональный социально – инновационный университет, Казахстан

Pragmatics and neologisms

One of the properties of the sign is the relationship between the sign and its user - the person. The human factor is recognized as the leading concepts in pragmalinguistics [ Aznaurova, 1977].

Pragmatics studies all the conditions under which a person uses linguistic signs. In this case, under the conditions of use are meant conditions of adequate choice and use of language units with a view to achieving the ultimate goal of communication - the impact on the partner.

According to E.S. Aznaurova the pragmatic meaning relates solely to implication. If they relate to intensions, in this case the very predestination of denotative words prescribes the scope of its appropriate use, outlines a range of possible situations in communication [Aznaurova, 1988].

The pragmatic components are explicitly expressed in the meanings of these suffixes, prescribe the use of these words in informal communication in order to humiliate the interlocutor. For example, the words druggy (a person who takes drugs), drugster (a drug addict), folkie (a folk singer), folkner (a devotee of folk songs) were evaluated by native speakers as derogatory, disapproving. To this group we also refer some semantic neologisms, pragmatic components of which are explicitly expressed in dictionary definitions through evaluative adjectives, such as “in earn” (a tiresome person), jack-boot (rough, bullying measures). All words in this group are used in situations of qualitative, i.e. characterizing function. The pragmatic components within the meaning of these words define the choice of communication for with the purpose of offending.

A proper use of the word with pragmatic the components “yumpie” is represented in the emotional ( irony , mockery towards the addressee )part of the word, compare : The ultimate Yumpie status symbol is to have a child suffering flash-card burn-out.

Often negative tone in situations in which words that are used of this type is enhanced by the evaluation inherent with the derogative suffix (in this case, due to the suffix -ie, which in recent years has developed a new negative meaning) . Comparable to suffiks gate-skandal, the element, which requires the use of words containing it, in situations of negative tone, for example, contra-gate ( scandal secret supply of weapons to the Nicaraguan Contras ). Thus, the words of this group are limited due to situational variability.

Another group consists of words with pragmatic components that are localized in implicational part of the word. Adequate intake of these words requires knowledge of additional associations connected with the culture, traditions and way of life of the country the language is spoken. Words of this layer can be as a predicate, and identifying. Thus, the new meaning of “vegetable” (a lifeless, inert creature) is a predicate symbol carrying one leading sign - passivity, which is explicitly expressed in the dictionary definition.

Identifying words convenience-food, junk-food, fast-food, which mark quickly processed foods, require knowledge of live of English of the last decades. Fast-food- denotes hamburgers and other fast prepared meal in the cafe of American firms McDonalds. Convenience-food, junk-food have the same denotative relatedness - Canned products (concentrates) that do not require long cooking at home; however, junk-food- is associated with the substitutes, and therefore in the communicative act of the word, it is used with contempt towards the person who uses canned food (usually a person standing on the lower position compared with the speaker, the social ladder). Improper use of words such as junk-food can cause a negative reaction, the opposite of the expected.

Let's compare: Sears-Roe-buck - from the name of the American trading firm Sears-Roe-buck and Co, is associated by native speakers with the idea of cheap goods; used in relation to a person who, from the point of view of the speaker, is of little value.

For the correct use of predicate words with semi suffix -athon, singling out of the marathon and having a meaning of " endurance racing ", you must know that in implicational parts of the similar words shows information about charitable orientation events of this type, we compare: Television personalities awaiting the start in Hyde Park yesterday of the Bikethon, a 20 - mile cycle ride in aid of handicapped and underprivileged children.

Compare also: readathon – it a competition in endurance of reading, swimathon competition in endurance of swimming. The words of this group are limited in the use of social, gender, age, ethnic parameters.

Between the type of the linguistic sign (vs. identifying predicate ) and the type of pragmatic components, there is a definite correlation. Thus, in identifying the signs of pragmatic components are predominantly intentional or implicational. In predicate symbols the pragmatic components are localized, usually in emotional or implicational part. They do not have the reference of correlation. These words are used, usually in an informal tone in qualitative situations in which the participants are symmetrical, equal in status relations.

Thus, we can talk about the reality of the existence of the semantic structure of word meaning and its pragmatic components. At the same time, however, it is wrong to say that the pragmatics of speech is related to one single aspect of the structure of word meanings. It permeates all aspects of it. You can talk about the existence of a certain typology of pragmatic components within the meaning of the word. Between the type of pragmatic components and parameters of the pragmatic situation, there is a dialectical relationship. Thus, the limit prescribed by the professional setting, usually set in intentional components, restrictions on age, sex, race, are set in implicational pragmatic components, restrictions on the line situational variability (key, role relationships communicants) relate primarily to the emotional meanings.

Literature:

1. Азнаурова Э. С. Прагматика художественного слова. - Т.: 1988.- 119 с.

2. Aзнаурова Э. С. Стилистический аспект номинации словом как единицей речи //Язык, номинация, виды наименований. - М.: 1977.