architecture and construction /3. Modern building technologies, reconstruction and restoration

Naumova A.A.

postgraduate student of engineering INRTU, Russia

Ways to improve the energy efficiency of buildings

Natural sources produce thermal energy for the last century, are organic and natural mineral materials: oil, gas and coal. These materials are a strategic factor, as their reserves are gradually being depleted. In our country, 40% of the produced energy is consumed for heating of buildings of civil and industrial use. The most important condition to reduce this number is to reduce heat loss through the building wall structures during their operation in different geographical areas of the country.

At the moment, priority is to improve the properties of building structures, to increase resource and energy saving both during construction and during operation.

The need to correct expenditure of energy resources increased demands on thermal resistance barriers.

There are various ways to improve the thermal resistance of modern wall materials:

- The use of macroporous concrete (drywall);

- Reducing the density fillers used for making wall blocks and panels;

- The use of multilayer walling, including structural and thermal protection layers;

- Increase in the thickness of protections (although this leads to an increase of material consumption);

- Porization light concrete mixture (requires air-entraining additives);

- Use as a filler effective materials (expanded polystyrene, perlite).

All of these methods are used in the modern construction industry, which requires the creation of new high-strength and lightweight building products and designs.

Production of these products and designs directly related to the use of new lightweight materials and testing their structures, based on the increased requirements for the heat-shielding properties enclosing structures.

The main advantages of thermal insulation enclosing wall constructions by spraying polyurethane foam (PUF) is:

-Small weight insulation

-no joints (cracks),

-no thermal bridges,

- Long service life up to 50 years)

-Term of works 10-15 times faster).

The main condition for the preservation of heat-shielding properties of thermal insulation materials is its dry state. This is due to a significant increase in the thermal conductivity of the material when it is moistened. For example, when wetted by only 1% keramsit its thermal conductivity is increased by 20%.

Wall, absorb moisture, loses its heat-shielding properties to 80%. The result is an increased energy consumption of buildings, structures and the freezing of its appearance on the inner surface of the black mold with peeling finishes.

 Physical aging building envelopes accompanied by damage to surface layers. Precipitation, penetrating into the body wall of concrete or brick, freezing, increases in volume and destroy their surface layer. This process is irreversible in time. At the same time the physical aging is accompanied by a chemical. Water on the capillary system transports the material aggressive reagents abundantly contained in the urban "acid rain" into the building envelope and corrode concrete and brick.

 The intensification of the physical and chemical damage is observed in the industrial regions of the country, where the buildings are operated in harsh and complex hydrogeological conditions.

  Reducing energy consumption at the same time allows you to improve the physical condition of the air atmosphere. Emissions from the combustion of organic and inorganic sources of heat causes the "greenhouse effect" in the atmosphere, in which recently there has been an increased amount of natural shocks. The rapid growth of greenhouse gas emissions depends on the heat buildings. According to the estimates of scientists for their education spent half the energy generated. According to the calculations of experts of the International Energy Agency (IEA) introduced energy saving technologies could reduce these emissions to 45%.

Literature

1. Shubin I.L., Spiridonov AV Legislation on energy saving in the US, Europe and Russia. Ways of solving // Herald MGSU.- 2011.- № 3. T.1.

2. Fadeeva G.D., Increase energeeffektivnosti housing at the expense of low-cost technologies // Young scientist. - 2013. - №6. - S. 156-158.