Экономические науки/11. Логистика

Салауатова Д.М., Богданова А.А., Арабаджи К.Д.

Карагандинский государственный университет им. Е.А. Букетова, Казахстан

International experience of creating

transport and logistics clusters

In the period of expanding globalization of the economy in many countries of the world, both with developed economies and developing countries, clusters have become widespread. World experience gives examples of improving the competitiveness of territories and production complexes through the implementation of cluster regional policies.

We considered the European network of transport and logistics clusters and the possibility of applying the European experience for creating clusters in the territory of Kazakhstan. Demand for transport and logistics services in the European Union (EU) in recent years has grown at a tremendous pace (about 2.5 times faster than GDP) as the economies of the EU member states integrate into a single economic space. Share of transport and logistics services rendered by specialized providers in the total turnover reached 40%. The main beneficiaries of this growth are Germany, Great Britain and France, which account for half of the total turnover. In the process of this development, a European network of transport and logistics clusters is being formed.

In Western Europe, the purposeful development of transport logistics centers began in the early 1980s. This was due to the high dynamics of growth in freight and passenger traffic in the globalized world commodity markets.

According to the Secretariat of the European Conference of Ministers of Transport in 42 member countries of this organization in the period from 1970 to 2008 the freight turnover of road transport increased from 513.9 billion tons to 1848.3 billion tons or more than three times. Passenger traffic increased from 2631.1 billion passengers to 5507.3 billion passengers, or more than twice.

It is with the development of the trans-European network of logistics centers that presentations and projects are being developed, which are associated with logistics on a European scale.

The experience of the countries of Western Europe shows the essential role of such transit logistics centers in the formation of the budget. So, in Holland the activity of transit logistics centers brings 40% of the income of the transport complex, in France - 31%, in Germany - 25%. In the countries of Central and Eastern Europe this share averages 30%. And the total turnover of the European market of logistics services reaches more than 600 billion euros. Of these, about 30% of logistics functions in all sectors of the economy are annually transferred to logistics companies [1].

Currently, the European network of transport and logistics clusters can identify 25 primary and about 60 secondary transport and logistics clusters in Europe (Figure 1). The highest density network of clusters differs in France, Germany, Italy and England, the giant European megalopolis - European Core Region.

Figure 1. European Network of Transport-Logistics Clusters.

Thus, in the network of European transport-logistics clusters, one can see a three-level hierarchy: global transport and logistics clusters (TLC), primary and secondary TLC. The largest accumulation of TLC occurs on the most economically developed and transit potential territories.

Some examples of transport logistics clusters in Europe are TLC Frankfurt and Padborg, the latter developed at the border crossing between Denmark and Germany. The main railway station of Frankfurt is one of the busiest railway stations in Germany. Frankfurt is the main center of the ICE network of high-speed rail passenger services in Germany [2].

In the transport and logistics cluster, Frankfurt, along with such giants as Lufthansa and the Deutsche Bahn group, other major companies operate.

Local companies offer and implement a full range of logistics services: from the planning and construction of logistics facilities and systems to advisory services for the flow of material / cargo flow management and supply chain management. The excellent infrastructure of local IT companies helps logistics companies install electronic data processing systems of sufficient capacity, accounting for the flow of goods with time and taking the necessary security measures.

Forwarding firms cover with their assortment the whole range of logistics services. In addition, there are companies specializing in certain types of services - transport, courier, delivery or express delivery of parcels.

The German model of construction of logistics centers is characterized by a number of features.

First of all, this is a strong state support at all levels, which is based on federal laws and laws of the federal states [3].

In Kazakhstan and CIS countries, in the field of cluster formation, there is a different situation in comparison with the European states. To date, no major transport and logistics cluster has been established in the CIS countries, in some countries only attempts are made to create them [4].

In Kazakhstan today there are all prerequisites for the creation and operation of transport and logistics clusters, the development of TLC in the territory of Kazakhstan would increase its transit potential, making the country very attractive in terms of cargo and passenger transportation.

It is obvious that transportation and logistics clusters are a completely new phenomenon in the economic life of regions and the country as a whole. But it is in this form of organization that specialists see the future development of transport and logistics services in Kazakhstan, as the introduction of clusters allows to achieve the following effects:

- first, it is a synergetic effect as a result of the merger of individual elements into a single system, which allows it to obtain a greater economic result than the sum of the economic results of individual elements.

- secondly, the reduction of logistics costs due to economies of scale and territorial location and proximity of participants.

- thirdly, modernization of transport infrastructure and accelerated introduction of innovations.

As a result, the creation of clusters makes it possible to improve the quality of servicing the transportation of goods and passengers, and the country's competitiveness in the international arena.

References:

1. Georgiy G. Transport and logistics centers: foreign experience. // Autocarrier 2009. - №12. - P.111.

2. Smirnov IG The processes of transport-logistical clustering in the European Union and Ukraine: a regional aspect. // Pskov Regionological Journal. 2014. - № 18. - P. 15-27.

3. Tipyuhin N. Logistics to increase the competitiveness of the Russian transport market. // External environment. - 2011. - №2. - P. 9-13.

4. Kuznetsova E.A. Transport-logistical cluster of the Primorye Territory // Oikumena. - 2011. - №1. - P.13-17.