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Философия/6 Философия науки

Rakhmatullin Rafael

Bashkir State Agrarian University, Russia

Dialectics as a methodology of scientific knowledge

Dialectics is an important part of Marxist philosophy. It forms part of such sections of Marxist philosophy as ontology, gnoseology, social philosophy. With the destruction of the main stronghold of Marxism-the Soviet Union, interest in this philosophy in Russia and Eastern Europe has declined markedly. The theme "Dialectics" disappeared from the textbooks on philosophy. We believe that such an attitude toward dialectics as a universal theory of development is not a normal phenomenon.

The fact is that with the phenomenon of development people are found everywhere. Medicine tries to unravel the laws of the development of diseases, criminology – the causes of the growth of crime, mathematics - the laws of quantitative relations. Hegel tried to find universal laws of development. He believed that there are laws that relate to any processes. He called his theory of development dialectic. In the work "Science of Logic" he formulates the laws of dialectics, which explain the development process. The following ideas follow from these laws:

1. The source of development is a contradiction. A contradiction characterizes any system. If one contradiction disappears, then another arises. Therefore, development is universal.

2. There is a general developmental algorithm: quantitative changes have boundaries, both in the direction of increasing and decreasing. If they go beyond existing boundaries, then the system changes its quality.

3. There is a continuity in development. New quality is always associated with the old quality.

4. Repeatability takes place in development. The new is to a certain extent identical to some stage in the evolution of the system [1, p. 84-105].

In our opinion, it is impossible to ignore these patterns to explain and forecast existing processes. Is not science supposed to study regularities that are global in nature? If we consider the causes of the development of science, we will see that, in fact, the source of the emergence of new knowledge is a contradiction. First, it occurs when facts are found that contradict the scientific theory. This was pointed out by I. Lakatos [2]. Secondly, science develops in discussions, when some scientists criticize others, put forward hypotheses that contradict existing theories.

According to the second law, the development of the system is carried out by the accumulation of quantitative changes. And this idea is also confirmed by the history of science. It is known that with the increase in the number of certain phenomena (diseases, earthquakes, economic crises, etc.), it becomes necessary to study them. And the more these facts influence society, the more energy is devoted to their research.

According to the third idea of dialectics, the new state of the system largely depends on its old state. With scientific research, we can not ignore the achievements of the previous science, its methods, ideas, ways of substantiation and refutation. Even A. Einstein said that he could not have created relativistic mechanics without the classical mechanics of I. Newton. The explanation of the culture of a certain people is impossible without taking into account the history of this people.

According to the fourth idea of dialectics, the evolution of any system is accompanied by the appearance of such states of it, which are similar to those that have already been encountered in its history. For example, if a farmer sows wheat, a few months later, 15-20 new grains are obtained from this grain. And they look like the wheat grain from which they turned out. In science, this pattern is observed. For example, in the history of philosophy, we observe how philosophers constantly return to the theory of Plato's ideas. At first Plotinus did it, then Hegel, then D. Lukach. Philosophy of Plato used and K.G. Jung in his doctrine of archetypes. This is, in particular, written by her student A. Jaffe [3]. In 1975, Mandelbrot created a theory of fractals, which very much resembles the theory of Plato's ideas [4; 5].

There is an opinion that synergetics has now replaced dialectics.. In our opinion, synergetics is a variant of the interpretation of dialectics. For example, according to synergetics, the cause of the development of the system is its loss of equilibrium, the emergence of an unstable state. But, from the point of view of dialectics, this is the manifestation of a contradiction between the two states of the system-the new and the old. If the scientific theory is unstable, then there is a need for its development!

In dialectics, there are other heuristic methods that can be used in scientific cognition. They relate to the ideas of causality, the influence of form on content, nominalism and realism, the nature of randomness, etc.

Literature:

1. Абдуллин А.Р., Рахматуллин Р.Ю. История и философия науки // пособие для аспирантов. Уфа: Восточный институт экономики, гуманитарных наук, упр. и права, 2007. 152 с.

2. Лакатос И. Избранные произведения по философии и методологии науки. М.: Академический проект, 2008. 475 с.

3. Яффе А. Наука и подсознание // Юнг К. Г. и др. Человек и его символы. М.: Серебряные нити, 1997. С. 303-312.

4. Мандельброт Б. Фрактальная геометрия природы. Ижевск: ИКИ, 2010. 656 с.

5. Рахматуллин Р.Ю. Фрактальная концепция творчества // Исторические, философские, политические и юридические науки, культурология и искусствоведение. Вопросы теории и практики. 2015. № 7-1 (57). С. 145-147.