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Философия/6 Философия науки

Semenova Elvira

Bashkir State Agrarian University, Russia

Criteria of the truth of scientific knowledge

Annotation. The subject of the article is an analysis of the existing criteria for scientific knowledge. It is concluded that none of the criteria makes it possible to fully determine the degree of scientific knowledge. But this is achieved by the combination of these criteria.

Keywords: positivism, pragmatism, the objectivity of knowledge.

To determine the scientific knowledge in the philosophy of science, numerous criteria have been developed [1; 2, p. 10-13]. These include:

· The principle of verification, the main idea of which is the requirement to substantiate knowledge with facts. It was first formulated by O. Comte, the founder of positivism, in the form of "the law of subordination of the imagination to observation [3, p. 151].

· Systematic and logical presentation of material. This criterion attracted the attention of I. Kant in his work Critique of Pure Reason.

· Intersubjectivity, the desire for maximum objectivity, the requirement to remove knowledge from subjective factors (emotions, experiences, transition to criticism of the author's personality instead of criticizing his concept, etc.).

· Reproduction of knowledge, i.e. The possibility of replicating it without compromising quality. If in art reproductions are not appreciated, then the scientific idea in its replication is only strengthened and develops. For example, it happened with the method of coordinates in mathematics. His author is R. Descartes, but almost 400 years have passed since the use of this method, but during this time he served to create entire sections of mathematical knowledge, went far beyond the limits of mathematics.

· Basic provability of knowledge. If any statement is not provable at all, then it must be taken out of the bounds of science. For example, it makes no sense to waste energy and resources on proving the thesis that in 2050 the whole world will come to a state of communist society, or to prove that matter existed before the spirit.

· Presence of a special language of science. Each science has its own categorical apparatus, in which its most important concepts are fixed. For example, in mathematics this is a number, a function, a derivative, and so on. In philosophy - matter, consciousness, truth, value, development, etc. Ignorance of categories by which a particular science operates, means that a person does not know this science.

· Availability of special research objects. Each science has its own subject field of research, which includes its objects. For example, objects of astronomy are stars, planets, galaxies, comets, etc., with which biology is not interested - it has its own research objects.

· Availability of special research methods. For example, in chemistry and in part in biology, the chromatography method is used, which in others is not needed.

None of these criteria, taken alone, is able to solve the question of the scientific nature of knowledge. But taken in the aggregate, they help to determine how much certain knowledge is scientific.

It should be noted that some of these criteria are problematic. For example, the requirement of the objectivity of knowledge can never fully be fulfilled. Knowledge is as objective as it is subjective. The subjectivity of knowledge follows from the fact that it is the product of the subject and carries within it its characteristics. This idea has been thoroughly investigated in the constructivist direction of epistemology, which originates in Kant's a priori [4].

The problem of the objectivity of knowledge was explored by representatives of pragmatism and so-called postpositivism. The founder of pragmatism, Charles Pierce introduced the philosophy of science the principle of Fallibilism. According to this principle, no knowledge can be absolutely objective, because is based on a limited number of facts. In fact, the facts relating to the object of research are always greater than those that are known to the scientist. It is impossible to capture all the facts because of their infinity. Therefore, any knowledge is incomplete and when new facts appear, it can be changed. This point of view was then thoroughly expounded in K. Popper's theory of inductive methods of investigation. Popper believed that in science, any induction, in fact, is incomplete, and therefore its result is always probabilistic.

Popper suggested replacing the principle of verification with the principle of falsification, according to which only knowledge is scientific, which in the long term allows its refutation. From this point of view, the assertion that on Mars there is life scientifically, because a person can ever verify its truth. But the statement that the size of God is equal to the size of the universe is not falsifiable, because people in principle can not verify its truth.

Conclusion. There are no sufficient criteria for determining the objectivity of knowledge. Knowledge is the product of the subject's activity. Therefore, any knowledge contains a subjective component.

Literature:

1. Ильин В.В. Критерии научности знания. М.: Высш. шк., 1989. 128 с.

2. Абдуллин А.Р., Рахматуллин Р.Ю. История и философия науки: пособие для аспирантов. Уфа: Восточный университет, 2007. 152 с.

3. Рахматуллин Р.Ю. Позитивизм как первая философия науки // Вестник ВЭГУ. 2014. № 6 (74). С. 150-159.

4. Рахматуллин Р.Ю., Семенова Э.Р. Генезис эпистемологического конструктивизма в европейской философии // Исторические, философские, политические и юридические науки, культурология и искусствоведение. Вопросы теории и практики. 2016. № 4-1 (66). С. 151-153.