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Nonverbal communication in Great Britain
Communication through sending and receiving wordless signals it is nonverbal
communication.
When we interact with others, we continuously give and
receive wordless signals. All of our nonverbal behaviors—the gestures we make,
the way we sit, how fast or how loud we talk, how close we stand, how much eye
contact we make—send strong messages. These messages don't stop when you stop
speaking either. Even when you're silent, you're still communicating
nonverbally.
It includes the use of visual signals
as body language (kinesics), distance (proxemics) and physical environments
appearance, of voice (paralanguage) and of touch (haptics). This can also
include chronemics (the use of time) and oculesics (eye contact and the actions
of looking while talking and listening, frequency of glances, patterns of
fixation, pupil dilation, and blink rate).
The main means of
nonverbal communication include:
The human face is extremely expressive, able to
express countless emotions without saying a word. And unlike some forms of
nonverbal communication, facial expressions are universal. The facial
expressions for happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, fear, and disgust are the
same across cultures.
There
are many different types of body positioning to portray certain postures,
including slouching, towering, legs spread, jaw thrust, shoulders forward, and
arm crossing. The posture or bodily stance exhibited by individuals
communicates a variety of messages whether good or bad. Posture can be used to
determine a participant's degree of attention or involvement, the difference in
status between communicators, and the level of fondness a person has for the
other communicator, depending on body "openness". Studies
investigating the impact of posture on interpersonal relationships suggest that
mirror-image congruent postures, where one person's left side is parallel to
the other person's right side, leads to favorable perception of communicators
and positive speech; a person who displays a forward lean or decreases a
backward lean also signifies positive sentiment during communication.
The types of clothing that an individual wears conveys
nonverbal signal about his or her personality, background and financial status,
and how others will respond to them. An individual's clothing style can
demonstrate their culture, mood, level of confidence, interests, age,
authority, and values.
Aside from communicating a person’s beliefs and
nationality, clothing can be used as a nonverbal cue to attract others. Men and
women may shower themselves with accessories and high-end fashion in order to attract
partners they are interested in. In this case, clothing is used as a form of
self-expression in which people can flaunt their power, wealth, sex appeal, or
creativity. A study of the clothing worn by women attending
discothèques, carried out in Vienna, Austria, showed that in certain
groups of women (especially women who were without their partners), motivation
for sex and levels of sexual hormones were correlated with aspects of their
clothing, especially the amount of skin displayed and the presence of sheer
clothing.
Gestures
are woven into the fabric of our daily lives. We wave, point, beckon, and use
our hands when we’re arguing or speaking animatedly—expressing ourselves with
gestures often without thinking. However, the meaning of gestures can be very
different across cultures and regions, so it’s important to be careful to avoid
misinterpretation. There are some universal gestures like the shoulder shrug.
Facial expressions, more than anything, serve as a
practical means of communication. With all the various muscles that precisely
control mouth, lips, eyes, nose, forehead, and jaw, human faces are estimated
to be capable of more than ten thousand different expressions. This versatility
makes non-verbals of the face extremely efficient and honest, unless
deliberately manipulated. In addition, many of these emotions, including
happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, disgust, shame, anguish and interest
are universally recognized.
Displays of emotions can generally be categorized into
two groups: negative and positive. Negative emotions usually manifest as
increased tension in various muscle groups: tightening of jaw muscles,
furrowing of forehead, squinting eyes, or lip occlusion (when the lips
seemingly disappear). In contrast, positive emotions are revealed by the
loosening of the furrowed lines on the forehead, relaxation of the muscles
around the mouth, and widening of the eye area. When individuals are truly
relaxed and at ease, the head will also tilt to the side, exposing our most
vulnerable area, the neck. This is a high-comfort display, often seen during
courtship, that is nearly impossible to mimic when tense or suspicious.
·
Distance
Within Great Britain culture Hall defines four primary
distance zones :(i) intimate ( touching to eighteen inches ) distance,
(ii)Personal (eighteen inches to four feet) distance, (iii) Social(four to
twelve feet ) distance, and (iv) Public (more than twelve feet)
distance.Intimate distance is considered appropriate for familiar relationships
and indicates closeness and trust. Personal distance is still close but keeps
another "at arm's length" the most comfortable distance for most of
our interpersonal contact,social distance is used for the kind of communication
that occurs in business relationships and, sometimes, in the classroom. Public
distance occurs in situations where two-way communication is not desirable or
possible
·
Eye contact
Eye contact is the instance when two people look at each
other's eyes at the same time; it is the primary nonverbal way of indicating
engagement, interest, attention and involvement. This includes frequently recognized actions of winking and
movements of the eyebrows. Disinterest is highly noticeable when little or no
eye contact is made in a social setting. When an individual is interested
however, the pupils will dilate.
"Eye contact" (also called mutual gaze) is
another major channel of nonverbal communication. The duration of eye contact
is its most meaningful aspect. Generally speaking, the longer there is established
eye contact between two people, the greater the intimacy levels. Gaze comprises
the actions of looking while talking and listening. The length of a gaze, the
frequency of glances, patterns of fixation, pupil dilation, and blink rate are
all important cues in nonverbal communication. "Liking generally increases
as mutual gazing increases."
· Voice
It’s not just what you say, it’s how you say it. When
we speak, other people “read” our voices in addition to listening to our words.
Things they pay attention to include your timing and pace, how loud you speak,
your tone and inflection, and sounds that convey understanding, such as “ahh”
and “uh-huh.” Think about how someone's tone of voice, for example, can
indicate sarcasm, anger, affection, or confidence.
Literature:
1. Andersen, Peter.
(2007). Nonverbal Communication: Forms
and Functions (2nd ed.) Waveland Press.
2. Bull, P. E. (1987).
Posture and Gesture. Oxford:
Pergamon Press
3. Guerrero, L. K.,
DeVito, J. A., Hecht, M. L. (Eds.) (1999). The nonverbal communication reader. (2nd ed.), Lone Grove,
Illinois: Waveland Press.