Doctor of Technical Sciences, professor Omirserik Zhortuylov

Kazakh National Agrarian University, Kazakhstan

Master of Agricultural Sciences Aizhan Sarsembayeva, Zhambyl Duisebayev

Taraz State University named after M.Kh.Dulati , Kazakhstan

WAYS OF IMPROVEMENT PICK UP MECHANISMS OF HARVESTING MACHINE

One of the many important decisions made by forage and livestock producers in selection of a forage-handling system. The system must be geared to meet needs of the current operation. Just as important, however, is that it must also match future plans. To make this decision intelligently, a number of questions must be asked and the proper information must be obtained in order to analyze each of the alternatives. The number of possible alternatives may be reduced by carefully considering the needs of a particular operation. Two factors are crucial in planning : Will the system provide the proper quality in the stored feeds? Does it match the labor and capital resources available on the ranch or farm?

Balers have evolved from stationary machines when they were first introduced in the last part of the 19^th century to highly mobile machines of today. These first stationary balers produced bales of low density consisting of a series of compressed flakes. Initially, bales were rectangular, of varying lengths and density, but of a size a man could handle. Round balers were later introduced, followed by large rectangular balers. Balers in common use today in the United States form bales that are one of the following types: small rectangular, large rectangular, small round, and large round[1].

One of the most promising technologies to mechanize complex forage is cleaning round baler. With balers can make hay, silage, straw, flax and hemp, and with the use of units for hermetic packaging rolls in plastic film, silage [2].

Storing silage in wrapped bales is a very popular technique in many countries (Wilkinson &Toivonen, 2003) since it offers advantages over hay production, such as a more flexible harvest date, less weather dependency, and a greater flexibility in ration formulation (Savoie&Jofriet, 2003; Shinners, Huenink, Muck, & Albrecht, 2009a). Bale silage making is based on a well-established procedure that usually consists of wilting forage up to 600 g dry matter (DM) kg1, baling and then wrapping it with 4e6 layers of a stretch polyethylene film. Compared to silage stored in horizontal silos the bale silage technique is particularly prone to spoilage, and because of the proximity of most of the silage to the plastic film and the thinness of the film, the threat to the oxygen barrier is much greater than with conventional silage (Forristal&O’Kiely, 2005). Recently, the stretch polyethylene wrapping system has shown some limits with regards to sealing efficiency (Jacobsson, Lingvall, &Jacobsson, 2002); notably the high permeability to oxygen of the stretch film (Borreani &Tabacco,2008; 2010), and the non-uniform distributionof the plasticfilm between the ends and the curved surface of the bale (Borreani, Bisaglia, & Tabacco, 2007). These problems have lead to undesirable air exchange over the conservation period and has been suggested that an increasing number of plastic film layers are required. Increasing the number of film layers from four to six, or even eight, often improves the airtightness of the bale coverage and can improve silage conservation quality by reducing mould development (Borreani & Tabacco, 2008; Mu¨ ller, 2005), but it can involve prohibitive increases in costs and plastic usage and also increases in working time. There are also environmental concerns over the disposal of the additional plastic (Lingvall, 1995). Tying bales with netting has become the usual procedure instead of twine tying (Shinners, Huenink, Muck, & Albrecht, 2009b; Taylor, 1995), but this does not provide any sealing effect when preparing round bales for making silage (Harrigan&Rotz, 1994). The commercial availability of round balers equipped with film-tying attachments, suggests the possibility of replacing the standard net-tying system with a film-tying system, in order to improve the airtightness of the coverage on the bale curved surface (Bisaglia, Borreani, & Tabacco, 2007)[3].

Increased productivity may forage machines by increasing machine speed and width pick-up. Performance balers also depends on the work of the pick mechanism. For the selection of rolls of grass, hay, straw and grain mass used balers: drum Managed fingers and fixed cover; drum driven fingers and rotating shroud, or slatted chain- slatted with articulated or rigid mounting brackets.

In forage machines: the pick- grinder, roll baler, truck - pick- used drum driven fingers and fixed cover.

Drum Wagons Managed fingers pick plants spring fingers 1 fixed to the tubular shaft 2 (Figure 1a). Tubular shafts pivotally connected with the disc mounted on the shaft of the pick 3. On one side end of the tubular shaft 4 has a crank with a roller that moves along a guide track 5. Profile track provides the trajectory of finger movement, in which there is no pulling gleaned mass gap in the housing (ring - skates) 6 [4].

Quality of work is determined by the purity of the pick roll selection, continuous and uniform crop flow for the next working bodies, free from the weight of the output fingers without pulling it under the drum and minimal impact on power plants in the selection. Pick-up width is always greater than the width of the roll.

Scientists designers and specialists of the CIS, the results of theoretical experimental studies justified values of the optimal design parameters drum picker (width, diameter of the rings - rays, fingers fly over the ring - ramps , step of their placement ) . Determine the impact of spring fingers on the plant in the selection of rolls of alfalfa, wheat grass, herbs and spring wheat [5, 6].

Selection with minimal losses shall be subject to the conditions [5]:

(1)

Where - the height of the roll, m;

- crest height in meters;

- the minimum gap between the ends of the fingers and the surface of the soil, m.

The dependences of establishing the connection between the district and the translational velocities, the design parameters of the drum picker () and height of the crest [4]:

(2)

Where - number of tubular shafts pieces;

- distance from the end of the finger to the drum axis.

Baler works without stripping and immersion in the roll if the horizontal component of the absolute velocity of the point A in the middle of serving the housing portion of the finger which is in the upper position is zero. The relationships District and translational velocity end of the pin that is in the upper position. [6].

(3)

Where - the angular velocity of rotation of the drum, rad / s;

- distance from the center of the shaft to the end of the pin, m;

- distance from the center axis of the tubular shaft to shaft, m;

- the length of the fingers, m;

- the angle of deviation from the radial position of the finger;

- pick-up speed, m / s;

- distance from the center of the shaft to the middle finger, m.

It was established experimentally that the deflection angles of fingers from the radial direction in the direction opposite to the rotation, the pick-up work proceeds normally with minimal losses; wide angle fingers work deteriorates because broken connection with finger roll. [5]

Experience shows that when the translational velocities 1,6/ 2,7 m / s steady work the pick and minimal crop losses reached at [4].

Free exit of the fingers mass gleaned without pulling it into the drum is provided when the angle between the plane of the fingers and the housing is more than the sum of the angles of friction on the stem pins and shroud.

Desired angle output pins (at least 70⁰) provided the corresponding profile of the guide track. [4]

Shaft speed pick-determined by the formula [6]:

QUOTE n=Mhz (4)

Where - the crop flow to a single tubular shaft that path traversed by the pickup during entry or exit of stubble fingers two adjacent tubular shafts, m. On the basis of long-term operation of existing drum pickers with spring fingers, the average shaft speed is 107 rev / min at; .

GSKB in machinery for harvesting crops and self-propelled chassis (city Taganrog) recommended range of the shaft speed pick-up within 72-190 rev / min. But, it is recommended not to exceed the speed of 125 rev / min, as parts wear out quickly pick-up.

Analysis of the main parameters of pickers CIS and foreign countries has shown that the width of their capture fluctuate accordingly from 1.4 to 1.6 m and from 1.4 to 2.1 m [7, 8, 9]. Diameters of the rings - ramps up 220 ... 500 mm, number of tines 4 ... 6 units, the distance between the rods fingers from 60 ... 105mm diameter rod finger 4 ... 6mm, length of spring fingers departure for ring - rays 110...120 mm.

Small width 1.4 ... 1.6m roll - baler CIS : PR -145 (1.2 m ) Ltd "Buryatfermash ", PR- 400 , PR- 200 (1.5 m ) of " Bezhetskselmash "; PCP -1, 5 (1.5 m) of "Pskovmash" and square balers PT- 165 (1.6 m) KLA GOMSELMASH, PT- 160 (1.6 m) KazNIIMESKH , PPR- 041 "Turkan" (1 , 5 m ) city Morozovsk etc. does not allow qualitatively pick rolls of hay and straw , formed a broad forage harvester and combine harvesters. To clean the rollers cleaning requires repeated passage balers. Although grounded basic parameters drum picker, but the drawback is the complexity of its design and low reliability.

The complexity of design due to the fact that one of the sidewalls of the guide track is mounted on a special profile, which are rolled by rollers mounted on the cranks toolholders.

Low reliability work due to the fact that when the pick-up on the field in spring fingers pick hay roll and move it over the surface of the ring - up ramp . In contact with an obstacle the pickup fingers deformed teeth spring fingers and crushed through rollers and cranks on the treadmill, and the rollers, rolling on the surface of the guide track with a speed of the central shaft 70 ... 120 min -1, wearing a track guide surface, resulting in service to deformation and failure.

In addition, to reduce the deformation and deterioration of the ground spring fingers practice, the diameter is increased from 5 to 6 mm. When working harder spring fingers press on the rollers and the treadmill that wear rapidly, which leads to breakage.

In this connection, to eliminate from the construction of the pick-up crank, rollers and treadmill KazNIIMESKH first in the CIS in 1995 developed a pickup mechanism mounted in the pick- grinder [7]. Pick -crusher (Figure 1b) contains: 1 crossmember with 2 brackets that are running 3 ramps having a concave ring and associated straight section. The drum located in front of the cross member and consists of discs 4 and 5 of the main shaft, which is mounted on the holder with spring fingers 6 arranged radially. Concave portion sloping boards made with a variable radius of curvature , turning a straight surface. Over the drum between the supply authority intermediate conveyor machines installed as pressing beater with 7 pins , rotating in the opposite direction to the rotation of the drum. Test pick- chopper shown that the absence of the treadmill, cranks and pulleys allowed to increase the frequency of rotation of the drum by 30% and improve the performance of the pick-up chopper.

Company «Class» (Germany) - one of the world leaders in the production of forage machines. Since 1958 she produces machines for hay, straw and silage, salable in various regions of the planet. Company «Class» also produces baler press camera with constant volume series «Rollant». The pressing mechanism - steel rollers located conjugated spiral roll that increases the strength of [8]. In round baler «Rollant» company «Class», having no grinding device "Roto - Kat" for pick- installed units and rotary lever (Figures 1c, 1d). They are actively involved in the transportation of hay and materials. The straw from the pick- uniform flow into the bale chamber. In addition, they are transported as short hay and straw length of the stems or slightly dried herb haylage . Pick-up is reliable, never clogged compressible material. These units , which are installed only in roll presses «Rollant», are a prerequisite for high performance in continuous operation when cleaning any different cultures. Wagons with width 1.80m picked clean, even wide rolls of hay. With such deep Pick- rolls especially dense pressed on the outer sides of the bale chamber.

Depending on the model balers «Rollant» pickups can be equipped with a working width of 1.58 m, 1.80 m or 2.0 m. With such widths can qualitatively select plants or even straw stacked in roll combine harvester equipped with a wide header. When large width picker’s special augers move plants to the width of the baling chamber.

Height-adjustable support wheels baler have its spring tines above the ground at a distance, when you are going to virtually all plants without a trace. Shock absorbers provide a smooth ride over the ground. Double elastic spring fingers pick plants are very clean. Spring fingers can be easily replaced in case of breakage, as they are fixed to the carrier profiles individually. Raising and lowering the pick is made hydraulically from the tractor cab. Given the optimal distance between the pickup and the ground is set after each lifting - lowering automatically.

a - with a treadmill, cranks and rollers b - unmanaged tine equipped beater, c -lever unit mass, d - rotary unit mass, e- unmanaged tines are fitted with scrapers, f-tine with unmanaged equipped with feeder masses

Figure - Drum Baler with spring fingers

Round balers firm «Krone» with chain- slatted conveyor releases since 1977. This technique ensures maximum performance when compressed hay and silage, as well as ease of maintenance and service. Wide demand of cars produced today provides leadership firm «Krone» in many countries. Depending on the type of the press chamber may be compressed rolls of a diameter of 1.25 m or 1.55 [9].

Company «Krone» first of the manufacturers put into production with unmanaged pick tine «Easy Flow», which operates without complicated control mechanism spring fingers. The main difference between «Easy Flow» is undulating design guillemot 1 (Figure 1e). This design provides a continuous flow of the cleaning teeth weight when immersed in close and low location of the receiving authority. Compared to conventional pickups, shaft speed pick- developed increased by 30 %. Accordingly, the baler may be aggregated with the higher speed achieving high productivity.

New baler has far fewer moving parts and operates quietly and smoothly. A little wear and tear requires correspondingly lower maintenance costs, reduced energy costs, as there are no curved guide grooves. Large width of 2.15 m is allowed to work baler with large rollers and without loss of plants during cornering. Serial presser roller provides a continuous flow of material, even when the uneven rolls. With five tine tine spacing of 55 mm carry clean selection of rolls. Guide wheels mounted in front of the pick-up allow pick hay clean even in soft soil [9].

The disadvantage is a reduction in the reliability of designs picker where the receiving authority is far and its level exceeds the height and the selection of different types of moisture and forage plants.

Due to the load being selected before receiving body mass inevitable happens when loading crumbling and spilling on the ground sheet of the most nutritious plants and their losses.

To eliminate the load weight between the drum and the receiving authority, working to improve the contact with different body mass materials are selected, better preservation of its nutritional value in KazNIIMESKH designed to drum baler to agricultural harvesting machines [10]. Drum baler has a similar structure, but has the following differences: the three annular portions skates have constant curvature, but mounted eccentrically relative to the axis of the drum 5, the holder 6 of the spring fingers 7 formed as a centrifugal fan blade 8, the intermediate conveyor is made as a shaft with the impellers 9 and 10, and the guide surface 9 is described by an Archimedean spiral (Figure 1e).

This pick-up mounted on a round baler PR- 400V baler PT- 160, which passed acceptance tests with the recommendation for the construction of an experimental batch.

During the trial found that technological selection of plants is carried out safely and provides reliable transportation stems of various plant. This eliminates pulling stalks between the fingers and the impeller blades and the receiving authority, even in excess of the height of the receiving body and the level of pick-up. They never clog gleaned weight, which improves performance.

The new design improves the pick shaft speed by 30%, thereby improving performance balers; spring fingers to set the pick 6 mm in diameter, increasing their longevity.

Conclusions

While perfecting the pick sweepers considered theoretical and experimental studies the pickup arrangements. Based on the analysis of design features and components picker they perform manufacturing operations (firms «Krone», «Class» (Germany), KazNIIMESKH (Kazakhstan) prepositional structure must be different mechanisms without the treadmill , cranks and pulleys.

Company «Krone» first of the manufacturers put on production pickup with unmanaged tine spring fingers «Easy Flow». The main difference lies in an undulating design guillemot. Pick has far fewer moving parts and operates quietly and smoothly. Less wear parts requires correspondingly lower maintenance costs, reduced energy costs, as there are no curved guide grooves. This design provides a continuous flow of mass immersion retractable teeth and near the location of the receiving authority.

 Firms «Class» and KazNIIMESKH proposed sorters equipped units to eliminate load different materials gleaned mass between the drum and the receiving authority in excess of the height of the last level and pick-up. They never clog gleaned weight, which improves performance.

Compared to conventional pickups, shaft speed pickers developed more by 30%, respectively balers can be aggregated at a high speed, achieving high productivity.

Pick-up width CIS exceed the swath width of not less than 200 mm and shall be 1.6 ... 2.1 m.

List of used literature

1. R. Dwain Horrocks, John F. Vallentine. Forage-Harvesting Equipment. Harvested Forages, 1999, Pages 293-314.

2. Соловьева Н.Д. Особенности конструкции зарубежных рулонных пресс-подборщиков. //Тракторы и сельскохозяйственные машины.– 2002.– №2.– С. 37-38.

3. C. Bisaglia, E. Tabacco, G. Borreani.The use of plastic film instead of netting when tying round bales for wrapped baled silage. Biosystems Engineering, Volume 108, Issue 1, January 2011, Pages 1-8.

4. Сельскохозяйственные и мелиоративные машины / под.общ.ред. Г.Е. Листопада.– М: .Колос, 1976.– С.156-157.

5. Кленин Н.И., Попов И.Ф., Сакун В.А. Сельскохозяйственные машины.– М.: Колос, 1970.– С. 255-259.

6. Теория конструкции и расчет сельскохозяйственных машин /под.ред Е.С.Басого.– М: Машиностроение, 1978.– С.322-326.

7. Пат.9472 Республика Казахстан, МПК⁷ А01D 89/00, 43/08, А01F29/00, 29/06. Подборщик-измельчитель /Әбілжанұлы Т.; Сеитбеков Л.С.; Рзалиев А.С.; Локшин А.Л.; Жортуылов Ө.; заявитель и патентообладатель КазНИИМЭСХ.–заявл. 07.04.9; опубл.16.10.2000, Бюл.№ 10.

8. Рулонные пресс-подборщики: проспект фирмы «Class».

9. Рулонные пресс-подборщики: проспект фирмы «Krone».

10. Инновационный пат. 24471 Казахстан, МПК А01D 89/00, А01Д 90 /00, A01F 15/10, А01F17/02. Барабанный подборщик к уборочным сельскохозяйственным машинам /:Жортуылов О.; Евтифеев А.Г.; Алексеек А.А.; Солдатов В.Т.; Абилжанулы Т.; Бекенов У.Е.; Смагулов Т.А.; заявитель и патентообладатель КазНИИМЭСХ .–2010/1371.1; заявл.08.11.2010; опубл.15.09.2011, Бюл.№9.