Экономика. Региональная экономика.
Tynbayeva G. S., Zhalenova A., Embayeva K., Saktayeva S., Serikpayeva L.
E.A.
Buketov Karaganda State University, Kazakhstan
Positive
changes of living standard in conditions of modern development.
There is no unambiguous definition of the category
"standard of living of the population", so the question of the list
of indicators necessary for its adequate statistical characteristics is also
debatable. The method, according to which the standard of living is determined,
is very common. First of all, as a set of goods and services that are provided
by an individual, family or social group of the population. At the same time,
one of the most important indicators of the standard of living is usually the indicator
of household incomes, which determines their ability to purchase goods,
services and various assets. Revenues are used to finance consumer spending and
funds, which can be sources of financial assets and property (houses, land,
etc.), possession of which also affects the standard of living.[1]
Although the "standard of living" and
"quality of life" are similar concepts, they are far from identical.
You can be financially secure, but you do not have access to clean water,
quality medical care, good food and other products of civilization. This is
just the term of quality of life.[2]
Quality of life and comprehensive human development -
these categories contain information on the impact and development of society.
The formulation and relevance of these problems did not appear at the end of
the 20th century as something new. In different periods of development of
scientific thought, thinkers turned to this topic. It was a key issue of
philosophical, economic, sociological work. The origins of modern concepts of
the quality of life and human development can be revealed in the writings of ancient
thinkers, in many cultures and religions.[3]
The modern economic dictionary defines the
"quality of life" as a social and economic category, presenting a
generalization of the concept of "standard of living" and
incorporating “not only the level of consumption of material goods and
services, but also the satisfaction of spiritual needs, health, life
expectancy, environmental conditions, environmentalists’ human being, spiritual
comfort”
It should be noted that the quality of life as a
category of economic science is interrelated with such concepts, close in
origin and content, as a way of life, a lifestyle, a standard of living.
The way of life is a fusion of objective conditions
and the subjective side of people's activities, an expression, above all, of
their socio-economic activity. The way of life is "led", practiced;
it is the general formula of the everyday being of an individual. In other
words, the way of life is the typical, practiced norms, the behavior of people,
the way of their daily activities in the sphere of work and life, in the
production and consumption of both material and spiritual values.[4]
Thus, the quality of life affects the satisfaction of
a whole complex of various material, spiritual, intellectual, cultural,
aesthetic and other needs of people.[5]
The main priorities of state policy in the republic,
in accordance with the guidelines. The programs implemented for this purpose,
above all, to preserve employment and raise incomes, and social protection for
the most vulnerable categories of the population. Even in the conditions of the
outbreak of the global financial crisis, the state has not given up social
support for its citizens.[6]
First of all, Kazakhstan managed to achieve
significant success in the fight against poverty. If in 2006 the share of
citizens with incomes below the subsistence minimum was 18.2 percent, in 2011
this figure was already 5.3 percent.
At the same time, an alarming sign of the significance
of differentiation of incomes in urban and rural areas. In 2011, the level was
only 2.6 times. This suggests that the separation of the quality of life of
urban residents from the growth of the population, despite the measures taken
by the state. It is important to note that today about 45.5 percent of the
population lives in the Kazakh village, so the fight against poverty is a way
to improve the quality of data on the quality of life
States parties to the investment area. Roads, schools,
kindergartens are being actively built; with the support of the authorities new
production enterprises are being created, creating jobs. In the country, the
average life expectancy has reached 69 years, the welfare of the population has
increased, which has become more expensive to purchase durable goods. Other
indicators of the quality of life and demographic indicators on which the
country's sustainable development and its competitiveness on the external arena
have improved also improved. At the same time, the main causes of death are
cardiovascular diseases, accidents, injuries, murders.
At the same time, Kazakhstan has a lot of problems,
the solution of which will increase the qualitative indicators of the
population's existence. For example, one of the significant reasons for the lag
in the quality of life in villages from the city is the lack of quality
drinking water. In terms of water availability per capita, Kazakhstan ranks
last in the CIS. Consumption of poor quality water significantly affects the
health of the country's population. About 80,0% of diseases of the population
of Kazakhstan, according to the Ministry of Health of the Republic of
Kazakhstan, in one way or another, is associated with low water quality.
According to the report of the Chairman of the Committee on Water Resources of
the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the population of
the majority of country villages (72.4% or more than 3 million people) consume
water from decentralized sources, that is, wells, springs and artesian wells.[7]
The next aspect that characterizes the quality of life
is the ecological situation in the place of residence. Air is the most
important component of public health. Atmospheric air - one of the main human
habitats and on its quality depends largely on the health of the human body,
the level of physical development, reproductive capacity, susceptibility to
disease, life expectancy, and, in general, the quality of life of the
population. In the pollution of the atmosphere of cities, a significant
contribution is also made by road transport. All these harmful factors
negatively affect the health of the population.[2]
Another important indicator of the formation of a new
quality of human potential is the education of the population of the country.
In this direction of development, Kazakhstan has reached a high level of
development. At present, the educational level of Kazakhstanis is 99.7%. These
achievements are largely due to the fact that the state budget expenditures on
education are quite high; in 2011 this figure was 4.2% of GDP. Thus, Kazakhstan
is approaching the norms recommended by UNESCO - 5-6% of GDP.
The entire housing stock of the country at the
beginning of 2012 amounted to 283.9 million square meters. At the same time,
almost all (96.3%) of the housing stock is now privately owned by the country's
population and only 3.7% (10.3 million square meters) remained in the state.
Despite the significant growth in the volume of
construction of new residential buildings over the past 6-7 years, the
provision of housing for the country's population continues to be a rather
acute problem. Many families expect or are trying not only to improve their
living conditions, but to acquire their own housing in the cities where they
moved over the past decades from remote rural areas. So, according to the 2009
population census, in early 2009, 12.0 thousand households lived in communal
apartments, 75.4 thousand - in rooms adapted for family dormitories, 46.9
thousand - in cottages (cottages) summer cottages near the cities (a total of
134.3 thousand families). Almost 2.1 million square meters. of cash housing,
where more than 25,000 families live, are officially recognized as emergency.
In addition, 4253 (including in cities - 4,084) citizens without a permanent
home (homeless) were registered at the census.[8]
In Kazakhstan, positive changes in the past decade
have been manifested in improving living standards of the country’s population:
the share of low-income population decreased, the share of the population
having incomes below the value of the food basket. Almost for all observed food
commodities, the purchasing power of the nominal cash income of the population
increased, expressed through their commodity equivalent, the number of
subsistence minimums that can be purchased for an average wage of 5.6 on
average in the country in 2011 increased.
There is a decrease in the unemployment rate in the
republic compared to last year, in 2011. It was 5.4%. The total number of
self-employed people has remained at 2.6-2.7 million people over the past 10
years, which is one quarter of the total working-age population in the country
or more than 30% of the total economically active population. At the same time,
70.5% of the current number of the self-employed population falls on the
country's rural area, against 29.5% in the cities.
Other aspects of equalizing the quality of life
between the village and the city - quality and diverse food, the development of
services. In other words, these are the areas lying on the surface, the success
of which can improve the country's position in world ratings.
In order to analyze and assess the quality of life of
the population in the Republic of Kazakhstan, it is necessary to consider in
detail the state development programs and strategies, including those adopted
for the purpose of implementing the President's Message "Socio-economic
modernization is the main vector of Kazakhstan's development".
In the republic there are state compulsory standards
of higher education, which still strictly regulate the educational process, its
content. The structure of state compulsory education standards inherited from
the Soviet higher school (hereinafter referred to as "the State Standard
of Education") does not allow to react flexibly to the current changes in
the economy.
We switched to a three-level education
(bachelor-master-doctor PhD).
The introduction of regional systems for assessing the
quality of education in all regions of the country has been launched. The
material base of educational organizations of all levels is being strengthened.
The quality of education is improving: UNT results have been improved, and the
number of prize winners of international Olympiads is growing.
The volume of the state educational grant for the
training of personnel with higher and postgraduate education is growing every
year.
The reason for the "demographic
acceleration" occurring against the backdrop of socio-economic
stabilization (payment of benefits, etc.) are the following: successful
conjuncture of the age structure remains. In reproductive age, there is still a
significant population; change in the ethnic composition of the population. The
dominant ethnic group is Kazakhs. The quantitative changes in the ethnic
composition have moved into a new quality - the demographic situation in the
state is already determined by the representatives of the Kazakh ethnos, which
retains higher reproductive attitudes;
The rapid urbanization of the Kazakhs led to the
transfer to cities of demographic settings characteristic of rural areas.
As a result of the growing migration flow from village
to town against the background of the emigration of the European population,
the birth rate and natural increase in the cities of Kazakhstan is higher than
in the villages (the so-called "ethnic substitution" effect); the
persisting emigration already almost does not determine the essence of
demographic processes. At the same time, the immigration policy of the state
begins to produce demographic results (growth in the birth rate, the number of
large families). Thus, in the 2000s demographic processes in the Republic of
Kazakhstan demonstrated positive dynamics.[9]
References:
1. https://articlekz.com/article/11996
2. http://www.kazportal.kz/uroven-i-kachestvo-zhizni-naseleniya-kazahstane/
3) http://mirznanii.com/a/252809/uroven-i-kachestvo-zhizni-naseleniya
4) Практикум по социальной
статистике [Текст] : учеб. пособие / под ред. И. И. Елисеевой. - М. : Финансы и
статистика, 2002. - 367 с. - ISBN 5-279-02369-8
5) Социально-экономическая статистика [Текст] : учеб.
пособие / Я. С. Мелкумов. - М. : ИНФРА-М, 2010. - 235 с. - (Высшее
образование). - Библиогр.: с. 231. - ISBN
978-5-16-003196-5
6) Политика доходов и качество жизни населения [Текст] : учеб. пособие /
под ред. Н. А. Горелова. - СПб. : Питер, 2003. - 652 с. : ил. - (Учебное
пособие). - ISBN 5-94807-002-6
7) Қазақстан -
цифрларда [Текст] : 2007 : стат. жинақ = Казахстан в цифрах
: стат. сб. / ред. басқарған А. Е. Мешімбаева. - Астана : ҚР
статистика агенттігі, 2007. - 393 б. - ISBN
9965-9315-0-X
8) Статистический ежегодник
Казахстана [Текст] = Statistical Yearbook of Kazakhstan : стат.
сб.: 2005 / под ред. К. С. Абдиева. - Алматы : Агентство РК по статистике,
2005. - 501 с. : табл. - ISBN 9965-9315-1-8
9) Казахстан - 2006
[Текст] = Kazakhstan - 2006 : краткий стат. справ. / под ред. Б. Т. Султанова.
- Алматы : Агентство РК по статистике, 2006. - 63 с.