“Экономические науки”/ 14.Экономическая теория.

Zhanbekova Z.H. с.e.s., Associate Professor

Baygurenova M.A. с.e.s., Associate Professor

Karaganda Economic University, Kazakhstan

THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF THE THEORY OF COMPETITION

According to the classical positions, competitive economy is considered to be the country in which the economic entities in conditions of free competition produce goods and services that meet global market demands. However, in recent years, the concept of competitiveness of the country more and more determined by the total capacity of the population and the state to compete with other countries in the creation of social and economic conditions conducive to human development. This is due to the fact that the competitiveness of the country should be formed under the influence of a synergistic effect, which is provided by a wide range of technological, financial, commercial, administrative and cultural opportunities, knowledge and skills. The New World Order significantly increases the role of the state in providing favorable conditions for the economic environment.

A key factor that can increase the competitiveness of Kazakhstan's economy and industries, is a factor of innovative development, which involves the formation of interrelated scientific, technical, industrial, financial, social activity in the new institutional environment. World experience shows that in an economy based on knowledge, alternative innovative way of development is not, since the creation, implementation and wide dissemination of new products, services, processes influence the growth of production, employment, investment, foreign trade turnover. Here lie the most essential provisions to improve product quality, saving labor and material costs, labor productivity growth, improving the organization of production and increasing its efficiency.

The complexity of the solution of the national economies competitiveness problems requires the implementation of significant measures to put the country in a real competitive space by forming a system of competitive organizational and economic factors and conditions for realization of the comparative advantages and create new competitive advantages of the system, all of which can put the country on a new path of competitive development.

Competition is the basis of the dynamic development of the industrial society, the original is in the form of free competition of manufacturers on the open market and mainly the price mechanism of its realization in vutrennem and foreign markets. At the same time, the concept of competition itself, developing long before the classical economic theory, the dynamic changed. In the process of the study were considered the key approaches to competition analysis: from the standpoint of neo-classical economic theory, the theory of monopolistic competition and imperfect competition. [1]

In modern conditions of the competition it acquires new features, the most important of which are: a combination of free competition of private producers to competition monopolies and oligopolies (often in terms of protection); offset by the use of mainly price competition in primarily non-price methods; transformation of markets on fissile their segments, under the influence of changes in the structure of demand from the consumer (standardized product) to the satisfaction of the individual consumer and investment demand. Thus, the essence of the competition is manifested primarily:

- To provide a focus on the manufacturer's customer requests, without which it is impossible to make a profit;

- In stimulating the growth of production efficiency, providing the "survival" of the producers;

- In the differentiation of commodity producers (some win, others lose and go bankrupt, others remain at his);

- Putting pressure on the production, distribution of resources between sectors of the economy in line with demand and profit margins;

- In the elimination of non-competitive enterprises, their sale, merger or takeover by other, more powerful, enterprise, transformation;

- In encouraging lower prices and higher quality goods.

Competition is the main motivator competitiveness. In the context of increasing competition for consumers survive those manufacturers who are innovating. The competition, in many cases, it is inherent in the destructive character, which entails the formation of a new higher level of competitiveness, characterized by the development of partnerships between competitors.

Analysis of more recent theories of competition and competitiveness, in particular, cluster development (Porter, M. Enright, M. Storper), cluster interaction with the accumulation value chain (G. Gereffi, R.Kaplinski, J. Humphrey), "techno-economic paradigm "(K. Freeman) showed that for many years they have identified the strategic vector of development of a number of states. However, since the publication of their works the economic conditions have changed significantly, and today global informatization is becoming more defined in all sectors of the economy, influencing the formation of the new economy - the knowledge economy (B.O. Lundval, Boris Johnson, B.Askhaym). [2]

Education becomes the main process and knowledge - the main resource necessary to improve the competitiveness of the state. The driving force behind the formation of a competitive economy is the invention of innovation and the generation of new knowledge. In this regard, the need for new approaches that can make a review of the concept more dynamic and adaptable to the specific and changing conditions.

At the present stage adaptation of the considered theories of competition and the competitiveness of the conditions of Kazakhstan, it allows us to conclude that many of them are implemented. This is confirmed by conducting cluster policy, the development of regional and national innovation systems, the transition from the stage of development of the factors of production at the stage of investment and innovation, the need to orient the actors compete for active actions to conquer market positions, their retention, strengthening and expansion.

Among the existing definitions of the term "competitiveness" is interpreted quite broadly, as an economic category, as a property, record, tools, etc. According to the author, the dominant level of competitiveness is to ensure macroeconomic, which defines the basic conditions for the functioning of the entire economic system of the country and its regions.

In this context, "the competitiveness of the national economy - the ability of the economy in the conditions of an effective competitive environment to produce, consume and sell goods and services produced in the country to use their export opportunities for neuklon¬nogo enhance their own economic and innovation potential, while providing a high quality of life population. "

In this context, "the competitiveness of the national economy - the ability of the economy in the conditions of an effective competitive environment to produce, consume and sell produced in the country of goods and services, use their export opportunities for steady improvement of their own economic and innovation potential, while ensuring the quality of life of the population" .

Considering the regional economy as the ability to constantly reinvent innovation (B. Askhaym, A.Izaksen), should take into account three aspects: the presence of a regional management structure; regional specialization in the production of a certain type of product; the difference between the development of the center / periphery in the industrial and innovative structure of the region.

Defining the competitiveness of the regional economy should include three basic points: the effectiveness of the functioning of the economic mechanism of the region (the competitiveness of the market competitiveness of products or provided production); its investment attractiveness (the presence in the region, innovation and infrastructure capacity) and the need to achieve a high standard of living.

Thus, the "competitiveness of the regional economy - is the ability of the subjects of the regional economy effectively to produce and operate on domestic and foreign markets, due to socio-economic, infrastructure, innovation and investment factors and benefits, allowing to achieve a high standard of living."

The proposed interpretation of the competitiveness of the economy of the region and allows you to reflect a more systematic process of formation of a competitive national economy, to determine the direction, the factors and criteria that affect the micro, meso and makrokonkurentosposobnost.

The methodological approach to identifying trends and factors in the formation of a competitive economy based on the determinant system M. Porter and updated by the author in two components - infrastructure and information.

Analysis of international experience and the specifics of economic development of Kazakhstan's economy shows that the main directions of formation of competitive economy of the country should be:

- The development of infrastructure and economic regulation mechanisms;

- Formation of scientific-technical and innovative production capacity;

- Creation of an effective management system;

- Stimulate the development of high-tech and service industries;

- The development and efficient use of human resources. [3]

Since the formation of a competitive economy is the process of creating a set of properties of the subjects of competition (industry, region, the country's economy), creating superior to anything like themselves, and for success in the competition, and the competition, in turn, is a motivator competitiveness, the main the direction of the formation of a competitive economy should be the development of infrastructure and economic regulation mechanisms.

Group following the direction of the factors - the formation of scientific-technical and innovative production potential - is associated with increased adaptability, research intensity and intellektualoemkosti products, competitive forms of production and, at the present stage is decisive, because the degree of scientific, technological and technical innovation of products and equipment manufacturer izderzhkoemkosti cause the level and quality of the goods.

Competitive factors can be categorized as follows:

1 - by attributes - basic (natural resources, climate, availability of labor, capital) and acquired (the flow of information, the exchange of information infrastructure, the level of scientific and technical progress, research and development, the level of education, health);

2 - according to the degree of specialization - general (capital, labor, shared infrastructure) and specialized (this staff with a narrow specialization, specific infrastructure, databases in specific areas of expertise and other conditions);

3 - origin - natural and artificially created. Those factors, which are essential for competitive advantage of a higher order, is always artificial. Among the mechanisms of their creation could include: public and private educational institutions, programs of vocational education, postgraduate courses, research institutes, R & D, including innovation, market infrastructure. [4]

The effectiveness of investment in science, technology and innovation development and competitiveness of certain sectors, regions, producers depend on the rationality of the control system. A combination of factors determine the creation of an effective control system should be implemented so that it contributed to the formation of a competitive economy through the introduction of innovative technologies of management and organization of production, aimed at improving the efficient use of available resources, competitive.

Ensuring the factors stimulating the development of high-tech and service industries is seen through the prism of acquired factors (fundamental and applied research, technology, discoveries, etc.) and carried out the development of service industries (for example, stable and financially stable banking system, the availability of risk capital, in particular, , venture capital, a strong research base, etc.).

The effect of all factors of competitiveness is complemented by human potential. Important directions of realization of human capabilities - work, his motivation and entrepreneurial resource. Without belittling the importance of entrepreneurship as the driving force of the market economy, which is inherent to combine all of the resources in a single manufacturing process, it should be noted that even in countries with a long history of market economy entrepreneurial abilities have, according to various estimates, 10-15% of the population, but in fact entrepreneurs are 2-3 times less people.

Labour and its motivation in all circumstances remains a major reserve in economic development. And in the world mostly work for hire, ie labor, whose motivation is not experiencing the direct impact of property relations. Trained qualified personnel - this is a mandatory resource, which is the basis for the formation of competitiveness at all levels and areas.

The implementation of the last two lines form a competitive national economy is based on the factors of creating competitive industries, which include: domestic demand structure (segment structure, demanding customers, their needs); the volume and nature of growth in domestic demand (the amount of demand, the rate of growth in demand, the emergence of proactive demand); transmission mechanism of preferences in the domestic market to foreign markets (internationalization of domestic demand).

Group industry competitiveness factors carries a creation of not only economic benefits, but also the growth of social satisfaction of all market participants.

Identifying the factors and the formation of a competitive national economy reinforce the cumulative effect on the degree of concentration of competitive advantages.

Thus, the formation of scientific-technical and innovative production potential based on the achievements of high-tech and service industries (encourage the development of high-tech and service industries), whose development is stimulated by the degree of intensity of competition in the internal market (infrastructure and economic regulation mechanisms).

The higher the degree of development of a competitive market, the more stringent the requirements for the participants, therefore, require more sophisticated control systems and the use of available resources (creation of an effective management system), the effectiveness of which is conditioned by the level of human resources training (development and effective use of human potential). Providing the optimal combination of all areas, depending on the level of competitiveness of factors can achieve the desired results.

In our opinion, such an approach should be complemented by such important criteria as the industry's ability to constantly evolve and innovate, as well as the ability to develop human potential as a major driving force for competitive production.

References:

1. Chamberlin E. Theory of Monopolistic konkurentsii.-M. : Economy, 1996. 472 P.

2. Schumpeter I. Theory of Economic razvitiya. - M:. Progress, 1982.321 P.

3. Shekhovtseva JI.C. The competitiveness of the region: facts and methods of creating // Marketing in Russia and rubezhom.- 2015.- 4.- pp 11-16.

4. Increasing of innovation activity in Kazakhstan economics //Proceedings of the International Conference on Finance and the performance of firms in science, education, and practice. April 26-27, 2016.- Zlin, Сzech Republic, 2016. 153-158 P.