"Pedagogical sciences" / 2. Problems of training of
specialists
Kurtas H. V.
Communal
establishment of Sumy regional institute of postgraduate pedagogical education, Ukraine
Genesis of information technologies in education of
XX-XXI centuries
Modern stage of society development is characterized by the rapid growth
of influence of information and communication technologies on all spheres of
human activity and formation of global information space. Reforming of native
educational branch must take into account the particular entry into the world
of information and the education community, and therefore the pedagogical
community has to perceive adequately essential changes which happen in the
pedagogical theory and actively put into practice of educational process of
educational institutions the progressive information achievements.
Use of information technologies in educational process remains a field
of scientific search for a considerable cohort of native and foreign
researchers. So, in particular, an essential contribution to solving a problem
of broad application of information technologies in education is carried out by
A. Anisimov, M. Bondarenko,
G. Brukshir, I. Grekhem, G.
Zholtkevich, A. Kachko, S. Koryak, S. Krivy, N. Morse, A. Perevozchikov, E. Proydakov, E. Putyatin, A. Rutkas, R. Smith, V.
Skopetsky, L. Teplitsky, A.
Friedman, B. Hunter and others.
Today information technologies are considered as a priority component of
process usage of information resources of society, after all they passed some
evolutionary stages which change was mainly defined by prompt movement of
scientific and technical progress, emergence of new technical means of
information processing and so forth.
It should be noted, that more profound study of the researches results
Genesis of information technologies in education of XX-XXI centuries allowed to
structure its stages on a number of grounds, namely:
1) according to the problems of society
informatization process: stage I (until the end of the 1960s): the solution
of the problem of processing large amounts of information in the conditions of
limited opportunities of hardware; stage ²² (until the end of the 1970s): lag
of the software from the level of development of hardware; computer
dissemination of a series IBM/360; stage ²²² (until the end of the 1980s):
problems of maximum satisfaction of user's needs and creation of an appropriate
interface in the computer environment; the computer becomes a tool for
non-professional users, and information technologies – means of supporting its
decision-making; stage IV (until the end of the 1990s): the creation of modern
technology interorganizational linkages and information technologies;
development of agreements and establishment of standards, protocols for
computer communication, access to strategic information;
2) according to the benefits
which provide computer technologies: stage I
(early 1960s): providing with effective information processing in case of
accomplishment of routine transactions with a focus on centralized collective
resources of computing centers; the difference between the resources spent for
development and saved as a result of implementation was the main criterion for
evaluation of efficiency of the created information technologies; the main
problem of this stage had psychological character – users and developers badly
interacted, and therefore the created technologies and systems weren't
perceived and not used at the proper level; stage II (mid-1970s): the emergence
of personal computers; the approach to creation of information technologies by
orientation shift towards the individual user for support of his decisions has
changed; there is an adjustment of cooperation and understanding between users
and developers; use of the centralized and decentralized data processing, based
on the solution of local tasks and work with local databases on the user's
workplace begins; stage III (from early 1990s): connected with a concept of the
analysis of strategic benefits of business and based on the achievements of
telecommunication technology of the distributed information processing;
information systems are used to help the organization in fight against
competitors;
3) according
to the typology of tasks and information
processing: stage I (1960-70-ies): data processing in computer centers in
the mode of collective use; stage II (1980s): the creation of information
technologies directed to the solution of strategic tasks;
4) by technological tools:
stage I (until the second half of the XIX century): "manual"
information technology which tools were constituted: a book, an ink, a feather,
a paper; communications were performed "manually" by a transportation
through mail of letters, packets, dispatches; the main purpose of technology –
submission of information in the necessary form; stage II (late XIX century):
"mechanical" technology, which main purpose is the provision of
information in the necessary form by more convenient means; it's characterized
by efficient means of mail delivery which tools are already constituted by the
typewriter, phone and dictophone; stage III
(1940-60-ies): "electric" technology which main tools are big
electronic computers and the corresponding software, electric typewriters,
copiers, portable dictophones; the technology purpose
changes: the accent in information technology begins to move with information
presentation form to forming of its content; stage IV (early 1970-ies of the XX
century): "electronic" technology, which main tools are big
electronic computers and information systems created on their base equipped
with a wide range of basic and specialized program complexes; the emphasis in
technology is increasingly shifting towards the formation of the substantive
aspect of information for various fields of use, in particular for the
organization of analytical activities; experience of forming of the substantial
part of information is gained and the professional, psychological and social
base for transition to a new stage of development of technology is prepared;
stage V (mid-1980s of the twentieth century): "computer" technology
which main tool is the personal computer with a wide range of standard software
products for different purposes; there is a process of personalization of
information systems which is shown in creation of system of decision support by
the corresponding specialists; global and local computer networks begin to be
used widely in various areas; stage VI
(the end of XX – the beginning of XXI century): "networking technology is
in its infancy; global and local computer networks start to be widely used in
various spheres of life; it is promising, due to the high popularity of
Internet-network;
5) according to the
methodology of using information technologies: stage I
(until the end of 1980s of XX century): centralized data processing on electronic
computers in specialized centers; creation of a powerful computer centers of
collective use, equipped with large electronic computing machines; use of
similar electronic computers allowed to process considerable massifs of input
information and to receive different types of information products on its basis
and transfer, respectively, to users; stage ²² (until the end of the 1990s of
the XX century): decentralized information processing is connected with
emergence of the personal computer and development of telecommunication means; stage
III (from the beginning of the XXI century): rational information processing;
advantages and disadvantages of centralized and decentralized information
technology showed the necessity of their adequate combination; considerable
attention is paid to electronic modeling, which becomes an integral part of
intellectual human activities; comparison of "electronic brains" with
the human provoked the idea of creating a neurocomputer, which is successfully
applied to pattern recognition, perception of human speech, handwriting, etc.;
6) according to the type of
automation of information technologies: stage I
(late 1950s – early 1960s of the twentieth century): 1) emergence of electronic
computers marked appearance of the first generation computers; 2) it was
provided solutions of separate most labor-consuming tasks on payroll
calculation and material accounting; 3) according to the type of automation of
information technology – partial electronic data processing; stage II (1960s of
XX century): 1) The second generation of computers provides electronic
processing routine of current information, collection and storage in computer
memories of standard and help data, use of data sheets on papers; 2) according
to the type of automation of information technology – electronic processing
system; stage III (1970s of the XX century): 1) the third generation of the computer
provides a comprehensive processing of information at all stages of the
management process, the transition to the development of the subsystems of ACS
(automated control systems) supply, marketing, etc.; 2) according to the type
of automation of information technology – centralized automated information
processing in the conditions of computer center; stage IV (1980s of the XX
century): 1) the fourth generation of the computer have provided development of
automated process control systems, computer-aided engineering systems; 2)
according to the type of automation of information technology – specialization
of technology solutions based on the mini computer, personal computers and
limited access to data arrays; stage V (1990s of the XX century): 1) the fifth
generation of the computer provided the complex solution of economic tasks, the
network organization of information structures, sale of the intelligent
human-machine interface; 2) according to the type of automation of information
technology - new information technology on the basis of a combination of
personal electronic computers, means of communication and the organizational
equipment.
As you can see, the evolution of all generations of electronic computers
occurs with constant rate – for 10 years per generation. Each change of
generations of information technology requires retraining and radical
reorganization of thinking of experts and users, change of equipment and the
creation of mass computing. Information technologies as the leading branch of
science and technique are defined by a rhythm of time of technical development
of modern society.
Thus, we note that: 1) the formation process of information technologies
in education of the XX-XXI century has a long and interesting history, and
therefore there is a significant amount of approaches to the classification of
stages of its genesis; 2) the introduction of information technologies in the
educational sector will allow teachers to change the content, methods and
organizational forms of education qualitatively, because the aim of these
technologies in education is to strengthen the intellectual capacity of
students in the information society, as well as humanization,
individualization, intensification of the process of learning and quality at
all levels of the educational system; 3) the modern teacher or the lecture
should master the educational information technologies in order to provide the needs of children and youth in obtaining
quality knowledge, and constantly enhance personal information culture by
self-education and media education, to raise and self-improve professionally on
the way of use of the latest developments of science.
Literature:
1.
Ten breakthrough technologies of the
21st century and "golden" information technology [Electronic
resource]. – The access mode to magazine.:
http://www.trinitas.ru/rus/doc/0232/012a/02322041. – Title from the screen.
2.
Stages of development of information
technologies [Electronic resource]. – The access mode to magazine.:
http://www.itstan.ru. – Title from the screen.
3.
Information systems and technologies
[Electronic resource]. – The access mode to magazine.:
http://knowledge.allbest.ru. – Title from the screen.
4.
History of development of information
technologies [Electronic resource]. – The access mode to magazine.: http://technologies.su.
– Title from the screen.
5.
Petukhova
E. Y. Information technologies in education / E.Y. Petukhova//Achievements
of Modern Natural Sciences Magazine, No. 10. – Pervouralsk:
RGPPU branch, 2013. – Page 80-81.