Sharapiyeva M.D
Al-Farabi Kazakh National University
Recycling on the example of Kazakhstan the
organizations
Many years
seeking to subdue the nature and to dominate over it, the person unexpectedly
for himself appeared on the verge of environmental disaster. "Greenhouse
effect", "ozone gaps", "acid rains", pure shortage,
raw and energy crises, pollution of the World Ocean – all these problems rose
before mankind, threatening with death and demanding the immediate decision. The
annual quantity of the formed waste in the developed countries makes to 15 tons
on the person in a year, in the countries with raw economy this figure
increases to 100 tons, in particular in Kazakhstan makes about 60 tons.
Concerning
consumption waste the problem which is negatively influencing an ecological
situation is the increase in volume of education and accumulation of municipal
solid waste, the existing condition of separate collecting, utilization and
processing of municipal waste.
Now in Kazakhstan
more than 20 billion tons of waste, including 230 million tons radioactive are
saved up. Accumulation of production wastes and consumption are one of the main
threats of ecological safety of the country. One of the main reasons for
emergence of waste are: irrational managing; absence of economic incentives for
development of the historical and again formed waste, and also outdated
regulatory base and absence of the special law governing the relations in the
field of the address with waste. It is known that the significant role in ensuring
ecological safety is played by the solution of a question of storage,
processing and recycling [1]. Standardization in the field of ecology starts
playing a noticeable role not only in activity of the national and
international organizations for standardization. Even more often standards are
considered as necessary means of regulation of the relations in the sphere of
conservation and use of resources. Standards — this control facility quality of
environment. In foreign countries the standards establishing norms and
possibilities of processing of toxic waste on a certain technology, standards
on neutralization, destruction, burial and concrete measures of processing of
waste work. The legal liability of the producer of waste for safety of work with
them is also established. Local executive bodies have to provide creation and
functioning of necessary infrastructure for subjects of small and average
business on collecting, transportation, sorting, recycling, to placement of
municipal waste for a poligonakhvazhny role ecostandardization play the
international standards on environmental protection. A lot of work in this
direction is carried out by ISO which developed the international standards of
a series 14000 which at introduction in national systems of ecological
standardization in many respects fix the problems connected with harmonization
of methods of environment protection. In November, 2004 new versions of the ISO
14001 and ISO 14004 standards are published.
Recycling led to
emergence of "the second geology" as the part of waste is considered
resursosoderzhashchy (an example, about use of dump slag). World experiment on
recycling includes a recycling (10-20%), warehousing on grounds (to 80%) and
destruction [2]. A recycling - process of return of waste, dumpings and
emissions and process of a tekhnogenez [3]. Also the recycling is meant as
production from waste of new types of raw materials or production. The
recycling can be carried out as the producer in the enterprise, and at other
industrial enterprises.
Experience of
economically developed countries shows that it is possible to solve a problem
of a recycling of waste only if to change it in a complex, adjusting at the
same time all mechanisms and stages of the movement of waste from a source (the
physical. persons, the enterprises) through transportation to points of
storage, processing or burial. But it is impossible to forget about need of
application of modern scientific and technical achievements and managements of
public opinion. In 1995 the world industry of a recycling provided employment
more than 1 million people. The total cost of production received in the world
at the expense of a recycling in 1995 made 175 bln. dollars. Practically in all
economically developed countries at the level of the governments are developed
and programs which include actions for the qualified inspection of waste, in
particular work: cars, to partial dismantle of tires at the overworking
enterprises, to repeated application of the removed details, melting of cars,
burial of not processed waste (generally plastics, fabric). National laws in
the field of environmental protection of the foreign states: USA (1970-1986),
Great Britain (1972 - 1985), France (1969 - 1976), Germany (1972 - 1986),
Germany (1996) etc. It would be desirable to dwell upon the Federal Law
"About an economic recycling of Germany" (of 07.10.1996). This law
many experts is recognized today as a sample in questions of the organization
of a recycling. The main idea is that it isn't enough to create legal tools on
carrying out a recycling, to define necessary standards and norms for
installations, parking, ways of marking of details and to provide control of
streams of waste to installations on processing and utilization, but it is much
more important to oblige producers already at a stage of development of
production to achieve reduction of quantity of future waste. Proceeding from
foreign experience and it is simple from formal logic, responsibility for
recycling has to lie on his owner. How to force it to pay and at what moment
(at registration, upon purchase, at delivery on utilization, through taxes) – a
question technical. The main thing – legislatively to fix the obligation of
payment, without violating the property rights. Therefore separately it is
necessary to develop the program for carrying out a recycling for each region
being guided by needs of this region. Also it is necessary to create special
Service or body which will deal with recycling issues.
Literature:
1) The newsletter on a state to an
ecological situation in area/Prod. Regional committee on conservation, 1997.
2) Wikipedia.org/wiki/
3) "House: Construction
terminology", M.: Bik – a press, 2006.