Construction and Architecture/2. Urban Design and Landscape Architecture
Vyrezkova A. V.
Irkutsk National
Research Technical University
The Analysis of Design Experience
and Building of Museums
A
museum is an institute, which deals with collection, research, safekeeping and
exhibiting of different things such as historical monuments, artefacts,
cultural artefacts. Also museums labour at public awareness campaign and
promotional actions. Besides, a museum is a building where this institute is
situated. Museums are special type of research and cultural institutioná which deal with diversified activities of subject language of exhibits.
The
basis of designing of museum exposition is scientific research results of
museum’s conception. The scientific project fixes an excursion way of concrete
museum exposition and represents precise analysis of lead limit on its
demonstration ground. The front of designing of museum exposition is an
architectural concept design, which includes graphic structure and
recommendations about designing of museum’s rooms, ancillary accommodation and
street territory of a museum.
Profile
of a museum, functional specification of actions and collections, ethnical
originality of extremity, architectural characteristic of arrangement are the basic moments in designing of
museum buildings. Each museum should have individual architectural concept,
which defines specific collection and activity type. The main profile groups of
museums are the next: historical, literary, natural-science, art and complex.
One
of the upcoming trend in improvement of museum’s structure is development of
centrally directed museum systems, which are divided on field-specific and
territorial, including museums of concrete region.
As
a rule, centrally directed museum system has the next structure: head museum,
affiliate enterprises, museums as departments or affiliate enterprises,
independent expositions in certain buildings (often in museumified historical
and cultural monuments).
Planning
regulation, immediate surrounding and museum’s area have great impact on the
architecture of a building. Function program should
be solved in nature connection with natural and architectural surrounding.
Common
claims for choice of district for
museum’s building:
1. preferred position in the city center (as museums are leading objects of
forming city ensemble). Compliance with this requirement makes provision fairness of a museum for
all visitors from different districts.
2. Inclusion of a museum to the complex of culture institutions (other
museums, theatre, exhibit hall, library, archives, information center and other
institutions). This cooperation adds function program of a museum and attend
new categories of visitors.
3. Nearness of a park – it is necessary for organization of open
exposition, nature protect from noise and pollution and creation of recreation
sectors.
4. Sufficient place of the territory for building and enchancement of a
museum.
Also
there are concrete requirements to the place of designing of museums. These
requirements must be considered by an architect. Museum’s area includes the
next function zones: entrance, expositional, recreational, economic.
When
picking out place for building museums it is necessary to remember about:
1. Social aims;
2. Purpose and specificity of a museum;
3. Characteristics of a city;
4. Nature surrounding;
5. Architectural structure;
6. Transport;
7. technical and economic assessment;
8. special requirements. Museum of local lore: originality of natural
landscape and architectural surrounding as elements of the exposition. Museum
of Art: possibility of arrangement of
monumental works on open expositions. Museumified historical and cultural
monuments: necessity of protective zone. Technical museums: expanded compound of open expositions. Museums in factories and enterprises:
practicability of their arrangement without limitation of visiting with working
of factories and enterprises.
9. For example, scientific museum of Italian Trento is situated on the west
of the historical center of the city. It looks like local hillside. It is
worthy of note that there is new district, designed by Piano’s workshop, near
the museum. This district is built from environmentally-green material. This
new reality is situated on the place where old tire factory was situated
before.
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The
main characteristic of all museums is constant addition of expositions, the way
of which may be involuntary, free or combined.
To
link together all scientific, substantive and technologic questions of
organization of an exposition we need work out one artistic concept of a museum
(moreover it is necessary to take into account character of the collection) and
its manifestation.
Designing
of museum project is complex work which is aimed at solution of several
important questions. Firstly, designing of museum is aimed at conservation of
rare and unique exhibit items. This aim requires detailed selection of instrumentation for arrangement of the item. Secondly,
construction project drawings and specifications shows how comfortable and interesting
will be future museum for visitors. It is important not only to demonstrate the
collection of exhibit items, but create distinctive atmosphere, which can sink
visitors to the epoch of exposition theme. So it is necessary to think about
each detail.
Reference
list
• Guidelines for the design of
museums CNIIEP them. B.S. Mezentsev
• Unagaeva N.A. "Problems of
typology and composition in the landscape architecture of the second half of XX
- beginning of XXI century."
• https://ru.wikipedia.org/
• http://u-girl.ru/
• http://dic.academic.ru/
• http://muzei-mira.com/