Sh.K. Тuleubayeva, M. T. Sayakova, B. Mergenbai

Buketov Karaganda State University, Karaganda

The problems connected with pollution of atmospheric air

Pollution makes also other adverse effects, leading to such problems as greenhouse effect, ozone "holes", smog, "acid rains".

Accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is one of the main reasons for the greenhouse effect increasing from warming up of Earth beams of the Sun. This gas does not pass solar heat back in space.

In comparison with a preindustrial era concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increased by 28%. If the mankind does not take a measure to reduce emissions of these gases, to the middle of next century, the average global temperature of the ground atmosphere will increase by 1,5 — 4,5 °C.

The last figure belongs to high Russian latitudes. There will be a redistribution of rainfall on the territory of the country, the number of droughts will increase, the mode of a river drain and working hours of hydroelectric power stations will change. The top permafrost layer occupying about 10 million sq.m (60% of the territory of the country) in Russia that will affect stability of the bases of engineering constructions will thaw. Global sea level will rise by 2030 by 20 cm that will lead to flooding of the low-lying coasts.

One of the main sources of pollution of the atmosphere carbon dioxide is the motor transport. There are several ways of fight against this type of pollution: technical improvement of engines, fuel equipment; fuel improvement of quality, decrease in content of toxic substances in exhaust gases as a result of application of afterburners of fuel, catalytic catalysts; use of alternative types of fuel, etc.

The stratospheric ozone layer protects people and wildlife from rigid ultra-violet and soft x-ray radiation in an ultra-violet part of a solar range. Each lost ozone percent in scales of the planet causes up to 150 thousand additional cases of a blindness because of a cataract, increases number of cancer diseases of skin by 2,6%. It is established that rigid ultraviolet suppresses immune system of an organism.

The ozone protective cover is very small: only 3 billion t. gas, the greatest concentration – at the height of 20 — 25 km; if hypothetically to squeeze this cover with a normal atmospheric pressure, the layer in only 2 mm will turn out, however without it life on the planet is impossible.

Start of powerful rockets, flights of jet planes in high layers of the atmosphere, test of nuclear and thermonuclear weapon, annual destruction of a natural ozonizer – millions of hectares of the wood – the fires and the injurious cabin mass application of freon in the equipment, perfumery and chemical production in life are the main factors of destruction of the ozone screen of Earth.

Agreements on reduction in production of the fluorocarbons and other substances destroying an ozone layer were adopted.

Thanks to the concerted efforts of the international community for these years production and consumption of substances, the most dangerous to an ozone layer, was reduced more than twice. Growth of the contents in the atmosphere of ozone-depleting substances is stopped. Scientists believe that in the next years restoration of an ozone layer will begin. But so far this problem remains urgent.

In many places there in warm season the smog – fog humidity about 70% began to appear. This phenomenon is called photochemical fog as their occurrence needs sunlight causing difficult photochemical transformations of mix of the carbons and oxides of nitrogen which came to air as a result of automobile emissions into the substances considerably exceeding initial atmospheric pollution on the toxicity necessary for its emergence.

Photochemical fog is followed by an unpleasant smell, visibility sharply decreases, people have flamed eyes, mucous membranes of a nose and a throat ignite, there suffocation, pulmonary diseases, bronchial asthma become aggravated. Photochemical fog causes corrosion of metals, cracking of paints of rubber and synthetic products, spoils clothes. Breaks work of transport.

The acid rains containing solutions of sulfuric and nitric acids cause significant damage to the nature. The earth, reservoirs, vegetation, animals and constructions become their victims. Increase in acidity of reservoirs leads to death of fishes and water plants. Huge harm is done by acid rains to the woods. Acid rains cause the increasing damage to crops: integumentary fabrics of plants are damaged, the metabolism in cages changes, plants slow down their growth and development, their resilience diseases and parasites decreases, productivity falls.

Acid rains not only kill wildlife, but also destroy architecture monuments. Strong, marble, mix of oxides of calcium are solid (SAO and CO2), reacts with solution of sulfuric acid and turns into plaster (CaSO4). Change of temperatures, streams of a rain and wind destroy this soft material. It is necessary to save the nature from acidulation. For this purpose it is necessary to reduce sharply emissions in the atmosphere of oxides of sulfur and nitrogen, but first of all sulphurous gas as sulfuric acid and its salts for 70-80% cause acidity of the rains which are dropping out at long distances from – places of industrial dumping.

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