Sh.K. Тuleubayeva, A.S. Tolykbayeva, B. Mergenbai
Buketov
Karaganda State University, Karaganda
Environmental problems
of the Caspian Sea
In
recent years a problem of preservation of ecological health of a unique natural
object, as the Caspian Sea, acquired emergency acute.
The
Caspian Sea is the unique reservoir, its hydrocarbonic resources and biological
riches have no analogs in the world. The Caspian Sea is the oil-extracting pool
and the oldest in the world.
The
Caspian region designate five countries located on perimeter of the Caspian
Sea; they are Azerbaijan, Russia, Kazakhstan, Iran and Turkmenistan. It is
accepted to call them the states of "the basin of the Caspian Sea".
The problem of the Caspian Sea is very urgent today, but regardless of how will
be resolved the issue of the international legal status of the Caspian Sea and
of division of oil resources between the Caspian states, the Caspian Sea
remains the general ecological object of the region. Crisis in one of its parts
will pour out in the general, inseparable environmental disaster which,
eventually, will be reflected in personal plans of each state and its prospects
of development.
Kazakhstan
Caspian's problems are reduction of population of sturgeon, Caspian seals, saiga
and other animals; pollution of the Caspian Sea (in connection with rise in
level) when flooding and flooding objects of an oil and gas and power complex;
pollution of atmospheric air at combustion of associated gas and as a result of
dusting of toxic industrial wastes; pollution and degradation of a soil and
vegetable cover as a result of activity of the enterprises of oil and gas,
chemical and power complexes; exhaustion of underground waters as a result of
uncontrollable extraction and use for drinking and technical needs.
Thus,
we see that ecological consequences are catastrophic. Many people do not
realize today that if we wont to take emergency measures, then it maybe followed
by disaster. It is possible to prevent this accident by means of specific
multi-purpose perspective research programs on prevention of pollution of the
Caspian Sea. For
example, one of such companies operating in borders of Azerbaijan with the
project on prevention of pollution of the Caspian Sea is BP Azerbaijan. In
recent years, the BP company which is openly discussing with the public
questions the impact of manufacturing processes on the environment,
involuntarily provided good model of relationship between the public and the
polluting objects for local producers of oil.
Whereas,
the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Azerbaijan will organize the
Center of immediate response to unauthorized emissions of oil refinery wastes
and other pollution. The center will have the concrete directions of reaction,
including immediate actions for cleaning of a surface of the water of the sea
and a shore in case of floods and other pollution which are especially
connected with plums from courts of ballast waters. Violators will be brought
to responsibility.
So,
considering all aforesaid, we can see that the Caspian Sea is the general
ecological object of the Caspian region and crisis in one of its parts will
pour out in the general, inseparable environmental disaster which, eventually,
will be reflected in personal plans of each state and its prospects of
development. And from the point of view of the Azerbaijan Republic regardless
of how the issue of division of oil resources between the Caspian states will
be resolved, it is represented quite obvious that effective environmental
control over oil operations and the general situation on the Caspian Sea is
possible only at joint control of the Caspian states. Such control can be
exercised through the interstate ecological body created by the Caspian states
and given appropriate authority, in particular, the right for preliminary
environmental assessment of oil projects, for stay or the termination of
implementation of these projects in case of existence of ecological danger or
the increased risk and also on development and implementation of joint programs
of ecological character.
Environmental
problems of the Caspian Sea are connected with pollution of waters as a result
of production and transportation of oil on the continental shelf, intake of
pollutants from Volga and other rivers flowing into the Caspian Sea, with activity
of the coastal cities, and also flooding of separate objects regarding to the
increase the level of the Caspian Sea. Injurious production of sturgeon and their
calves, revelry of poaching lead to decrease the number of sturgeon and to the
compelled restrictions for their production and export.
Also,
in conclusion it is possible to note that the negative natural phenomenon which
leads to disaster in a zone of the Caspian Sea now can be not only it is
localized, but also directed to advantage to society and the nature.
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