Professor, Dr. Sc. Karabayeva A.G.
Professor, Dr. Sc. Ismagambetova
Z.N.
PhD student Akbergen A.I.
al-Faraby Kazakh
National University
Republic of Kazakhstan
Socio-philosophical analysis of innovations
Western scientists note innovation’s technical
characteristics, its close connection with the nature of economic and business
activity considering the place and the role of innovation. The important point
is the position of scientists to determine innovation only as scientific and
technological development. With the growth of the elements of a market economy
there is acute need for new technologies and new material and economic
instruments for increasing the efficiency of human activity. Subsequently,
innovation is seen as an economic category so far as it’s defined as
implementation of the invention and, therefore, seen as a structural element of
the socio-economic system, which will be identified as an innovative economy,
innovative activity and innovative technical sciences. Humanitarian and
socio-cognitive-behavioral sciences were pushed on the marginalia of science,
their role downplayed in the creation of an innovative economy by giving
priority to economy and technical sciences in promoting a new innovative
activity.
In
the course of the scientific analysis of the current conceptual approaches to
the study of the problem of innovation, it has been revealed that innovation is
studied mainly in terms of the economic, commercial approach. In our view,
there is a deep connection between the market economy of the earliest
industrial society and innovations with their scientific and technological
infrastructures. In this regard, considering the cause of the relevance of this
approach, which was formed in the earliest stages of research of innovations in
modern science, it should be noted that to date the advantage is given to those
countries that provide a favorable environment for innovation activity and
effective communication of business and technical science. In forming the
innovation activity and manufacture of innovative products in order to
modernize the economy and the social system, as well as for the overall
improvement of competitiveness a special meaning is acquired not only by development
of innovative strategy and policy, but also by use of new technologies and
technical means and resources. Subsequently, attention is drawn to the need to
use new techniques and principles of management, as well as the ability to
effectively use the full scope of innovative and management tools.
Innovative economy – it is not just a market economy where
there is innovations, but there the priority of structural innovation is
ensured. Accordingly, the priority goes to the economic growth mostly not on
the basis of the factors of production, investment but factors and conditions
of innovative activity, areas of basic high-tech industries, which are the main
engine of economic and social development. The industrial structure and
investments are only means for innovative activity. It is well known that a
powerful impetus in developed countries is given to the strategy economic use
of science for the benefit of the national economy. Clear strategy of direct
interpenetration of technical science and economy is being implemented. Western
countries are becoming leaders in the promotion of new economy and innovative
technologies. These countries have carried out and continue building innovative
economy, for which the decisive factor was not the priority of the natural
resources and raw materials but the knowledge, intelligence, administrative and
organizational factors. Western scientists have found that only innovative
economy shows steady growth and development today. In this type of economy
there is a constant search in the area of organization, management leading to a
systematic institutional and structural changes and transformations. The
"system" of the sciences, including philosophy, cultural studies,
sociology, psychology and others can become the theoretical and methodological
basis of studies of innovations to date.
In the course of studying the problem, it was found that one
of the directions of research is the definition of innovation in terms of
novation in the production of qualitatively new products and services. Another
direction in the study of this problem is to consider innovation in terms of
organization of new forms of management and leadership in the service sector,
manufacturing. In this case, the innovation (technical, technological,
organizational, economic and social) is considered as a "purposeful
change", deliberately introduced into the process of reproduction to
better existing or form new social needs.
Based
on an analysis of the main approaches which have developed on the issue of the
nature and role of innovation in society, attention is given to the three main
areas of research, to the fact that in each its own theoretical and
methodological paradigm dominates.
The role of the company as the initiator and creator of innovation. The concept
of decision-making, where the analysis and the selection of alternatives is
changed by consistent stages of the implementation of the decision, acts as a
research paradigm.
The
role of marketing, or the behavior of firm on the market, whose task is to
identify risk factors, methods of forecasting the success of innovation,
economic indicators of performance of individual stages of innovation and
innovation in general. In this direction, the main role is played by the theory
of open systems in conjunction with the game approach, where the company
interacts with the market as with its environment and where the final stages of
the innovation process are the result of actions of plural subjects, each of
which comes with their interests, taking into account the probabilistic
response action of partners.
Identifying
the role of government policy in relation to innovation activity of firms,
which assists in enhancing their competitiveness on the international market.
The leading theory is a paradigm of theory of management.
These
main directions of research of this problem are called "innovations".
There are four stages in its history. The first stage involves the study of
factors that help or hinder the success of innovations; there is accumulated
the great wealth of empirical data, systematized in a large number of
irreducible to each other classifications. At the second stage the main subject
of study was the innovation process, including spontaneous diffusion and
focused transfer of innovations. At the third stage researchers' attention was
focused on the analysis of various types of innovative situations, developing
methods for possible earlier assessment of the risk, the formation of
recommendations to government agencies regarding their policy in the realm of
innovations. At the fourth stage continuing today the key element of the study
are innovation networks, the most sensitive to rapid dynamics of the market,
i.e. marketing-oriented, catching potential trends of demand.
Thus, starting from the level of individual production companies (firms),
innovative practices and research answering their needs in the West spread to
the level of national institutions (the state). As a result in countries with a
market economy in the second half of the XX century technical, organizational
and other innovations that provide quick satisfaction and at the same time the
development of needs of all categories of the population have received mass
distribution.
By
analyzing the different approaches in the study of the phenomenon of
innovation, the researchers consider it’s necessary to distinguish the
following main areas of research (analysis, study):
• socio-philosophical, theoretical
and methodological;
• cultural-historical;
• socio-psychological.
These trends in research of innovation are not particularly
developed in the scientific literature. To justify the allocation of these
areas the following arguments are considered:
Socio-philosophical and theoretical-methodological direction
in the study of innovation. Innovation is the most important
"structural" element of social- economic system as a kind of
integrity. In the developed and modernizing society innovations are considered
as national priority, public policy. The leading direction of development for
all countries in the XXI century is the development of a smooth transition to
the personal-centered paradigm (or model) of the socio-economic development.
Accordingly, the national priorities of the Republic of Kazakhstan are focused
on maintaining and improving the quality characteristics of the population –
its professionalism, health, culture, morality, etc. Allocated paradigm is
responsible for the coverage of synergistic relationships of economic
reproduction with other important components such as the – spiritual, cultural,
moral, civic components of the process and the results of social development.
Active communion of human to innovative processes that is happening in society,
support and introduction to the possible types of innovations are implemented
due to the innovative culture of the society, exerting the influence also on
its spiritual development. Attention is given to the growing role and social
importance of the state in its new role – a tool for ensuring innovation
reproduction in the economy and growth of quality of life. Therefore, the study
of the social ways and mechanisms of formation of the acceptance of innovation
strategy, the formation of social culture of regard to the innovation is
extremely important task. Identification of the state's role in the
dissemination and formation of innovations in Kazakhstan is one of the
directions of scientific work of performers of the project.
Cultural and culture-anthropological direction is another direction of research
of performers of the project. Innovations are an important index of
transformations, changes in culture. One of the important factors of changes
taking place in the culture is innovation, which represented innovations in the
cultural mechanisms of regulation, organization, organizing cultural behavior
and cultural activity in the community. Consideration of innovation as a
cultural phenomenon, as changes and transformations in the cultural activity of
man allows to reveal the cultural mechanisms aimed at changing the mentality,
ethnic picture of the world, the place and the position of man in the system of
cultural behavior, qualitative changes in values, behavior, communication,
influencing the transformation of the society, in the development of
civilization in its entirety, as well as in the economy sphere. Cultural
innovations become a powerful mechanism that influences the change in the model
of a success of person, both in the personal and social dimension.
Great attention is paid to the
need to create an innovation culture. It is the foundation of innovation
development of Kazakhstan's society. An innovative culture is a
"knowledge, skills and experience of focused training, complex
implementation and comprehensive development of innovations in various fields
of human activity at maintaining in the innovation system dynamic unity of old,
modern and new, in other words, it is a free creation of a new with the
compliance to principle of continuity"" [1]. In this regard, one of
the important components in the formation of innovation culture is the pursuit
of new as evaluative orientation of highly qualified specialists and workers.
The emergence of "an innovative economy - economy of
society based on a positive perception of the new ideas, new machines, systems
and technologies, the readiness of their implementation in the various spheres
of human activity due to the emergence of a qualitatively new innovative type
of development (RTD) based on the "economy knowledge" and high
technologies is determined by special internal dynamism, enhanced ability to
adapt to rapidly changing conditions" [2]. The amount of information,
which is owned by our civilization, doubles every five years. Therefore, in
addition to the development of knowledge, no less important is the development
of techniques that can be used to receive, process and use new information. The
knowledge is developed in relation to the skills that students master in the
framework of innovative educational programs. In accordance with the Law
"On innovation activity" (2002), the main purpose of the Strategy of
industrial-innovative development of Kazakhstan is to achieve sustainable
development through economic diversification, promoting withdrawal from raw
orientation, preparing the conditions for the transition in the long-term
perspective to service and technological economy. Integration into the world’s
scientific and technical and innovative processes involves stimulation of
high-tech export-oriented industries; the transition to international quality
standards; creating business climate; diversification of export potential of
the country in favor of goods and services with high added value; the
implementation of "breakthrough" projects in non-primary sectors of
international importance, the development of industries producing goods and
services that can be competitive in certain niches on the world market.
Innovation is
special socio-cultural phenomenon, a complex systematic formation. Innovation
is a set of tools and mechanisms of innovative activity and mechanisms of
transformation of society’s life, its individual sectors, clusters, structures,
characteristics, etc. To date bettering of "university complex" and
its scientific potential to produce innovative products and the development of
the forms and content of innovative activity becomes the most important task of
improving the life of society.
Innovative product, activity, process, etc can be evaluated
in terms of system properties and characteristics, practical component,
features and patterns of ongoing innovation processes, clarifying the structure
of innovative relations, the nature of the innovative products, characteristics
of individual and corporate behavior.
Development of
innovations becomes priority of any developed country, carried out
(implemented) at the expense of scientific and technological development and
mechanisms of intellectualization of all segments of "social
activity". Development of strategies of innovative policy, technological
changes and advances in society is directly linked to the development of the
human factor, human capital, development (improvement) of cultural resources,
global positioning, and solution to the problems of competitive efficiency and
effectiveness of society and its members.
Innovative science becomes absolute (in importance and
priority) social institute in conditions of active modernization,
transformation and the transformation of society’s life. Economy, today, is a
complex of intellectual (foreground) management of information. In this regard
functions of management, scientific activity, strategic decisions, forecasting,
management "on the ground" and etc change equally. Unwinding full
potential of society is the task of any system of governance, any type of
modernizing organization. Production and fostering of innovation is the main
strategic task of civilization of the XX - XXI centuries.
Literature
1. Filosofija tvorchestva /Pod obshhejj red. A.N. Loshilina, N.P. Francuzovojj. – M: Filosofskoe
obshestvo, 2002
2. Innovacionnaja
modernizacija Rossii. Politologicheskie ocherki. – M.: Institut sociologii RAN,
2011