Экология / Экологический мониторинг

Avdeev Y.M.

Vologda state University, Vologda, Russia

The influence of climate on the formation

of the crown of the tree

The climate is defined as the combination mode of heat, light and moisture, the climate has a great influence on the diversity of forest vegetation.

Limiting climatic factor processi crown formation, natural cleansing trunks branches, is solar radiation.

It is known that improved productivity and quality component of the stand is possible by regulating the quantity of light energy received by woody plants. So, growing trees in the dense state and the introduction of podgornyh under the canopy of tree and shrub species, allows to cause the lack of light at the bottom of the trunks, with the result that the lower branches die off, that is, increasing the intensity of the process of purification of trunks from branches.

The lighting conditions should be taken into account in the creation and cultivation of wood with the optimal parameters of gnarled. Light conditions and the individual characteristics of the tree species should be taken into account when selecting the intensity and direction of the corridors at the commercial thinning of the forest. Great value for use by plants light is also the direction of the rows when planting.

From the above it follows that the light affects the formation of tree trunk and crown. Side ocenenie trees of important tree species used in forestry for growing more delicate, direct and paleodrainage of the barrel by the introduction of customization. If the light falls on young trees from one side, their trunks develop in the direction of the light. This leads to uneven development of the crown, contributes to the formation of the eccentric barrel, reducing the technical quality of the wood. When a large light trunks from the branches are cleared more slowly.

A temperature mode of air and corporatelogo soil affects seed germination, shoot growth, formation of leaves and flowers, ripening, yellowing and falling of leaves from woody plants. In addition, the temperature of soil and air affects the temperature of the wood from knots, and, therefore, determines the rate of flow of ongoing physiological processes.

The difference in air temperature often causes variation of the flow of physiological processes in the tree and disruption of the structural elements of wood. So, a sharp decrease in air temperature can cause the formation of cracks on the branches of tree trunks, which could lead to them breaking. Cracks in the branches are formed due to the compression of the outer rings from cooling while the inner layers have higher temperature because of poor thermal conductivity of wood. Cracks, in turn, contribute to the emergence of fungal diseases and attack of insect fauna.

High temperatures can cause burning or overheating of the bark of branches and the appearance of shobokshi. In the future there might occur a death of bark and the gradual drying up of the branches.

A significant influence on the formation of gnarled trunks having the wind.

For one and the same breed wind resistance can be varied depending on the shape and size of the crown. The more adventurous crown, the tree more wind-resistant; highly attached to the crown of the trees (pine) can pop out easier from the wind.

In places the unilateral strong winds, the trees usually form a one-sided, flagoobraznye crown, curved trunks, with irregular internal structure.

The most important mechanical action of the wind manifests itself in the breakage of branches, twigs, tops, tree trunks, trees die and fall with root, strong swaying of the trees and thus produce mutual krestyany tree branches on the one hand, and breakage of the roots.

The most important manifestation of wind as the unfavorable physiological factors in the life of a forest, lies in its drying action. Strong winds, increasing the transpiration of the trees with a lack of water in the soil cause the formation of shevarchinot, and sometimes tree mortality (in subsequent the assistance of insects). In exceptionally dry years in some areas, on soils with a deep water level there is a massive education of shevarchinot and deadwood. These phenomena are observed primarily at the edges of a forest, greatly thinned plots, i.e. in the places most exposed to the drying action of the wind.

The most significant negative effect of snow is in the phenomena of snehalaya and snegoval. Falling flakes loose and wet snow in large quantities is retained in the crowns of trees that are cut.

Precipitation can also be in the form of a solid coating of ice (oiled) formed by the contact of the chilled trees of the forest with a warmer air saturated with water vapor. Oiled, increasing the mass of branches can cause them to break, and thus affect the processes of purification of trunks from branches.

Precipitation in the form of hail can also cause significant mechanical damage to the branches of the trees.

Thus, it should be noted that environmental factors such as light, temperature, wind, precipitation, can have an ambiguous impact on the formation of the crown and gnarled trees.

The study area is located in moderately cold (boreal), soil-climatic zone of the Northern hemisphere in the boreal forest soil and Botanical area (zone of taiga podzolic soils). A significant length of this region determines the diversity of physico-geographical conditions, which in turn affects the formation of different soils.

The terrain, being the main regulator of the regime of surface and groundwater, with the utmost clarity affects soil conditions. A significant impact on the process of soil formation is also influenced by municipal, provincial and outcomesthe the climate and vegetation. Soil conditions, in turn, determine the agricultural techniques of creating cultures and a selection of domestic breeds, the formation of the composition, structure and plantings, as well as their productivity and knotty tree trunks.

It is well known that soil and groundwater conditions determine the agricultural techniques of creation of wood cultures, selection of the cultivated species and, ultimately, productivity of forest plantations. In addition, soil conditions may be determined by the technical properties of wood. Excess moisture can lead to rotting of the crown of the tree, stimulating its decay and withering away, damaging fungal diseases.

Along with climatic factors, with a target short term plantations should take into account the orographic and soil and groundwater conditions.