Экономические науки/5. Управление трудовыми ресурсами

Tulegenova S., Ganyukova A. A.

The Karaganda state university named after E.A. Buketov

Causes and types of unemployment in a market economy

Achieving a high level of employment is one of the main objectives of the macroeconomic policies. The economic system, creating additional jobs, set the task to increase the number of social product, and thus in a greater degree to meet the material needs of the population. Incomplete use of available resources, the workforce system is not reaching the limits of their productive capacity. Unemployment causes considerable damage to the vital interests of the people and does not let them make their skills in the kind of activity in which a person can most properly express themselves, or depriving them of such possibility, which is why people suffer serious psychological stress. From the above it can be concluded that unemployment is one of the key indicators to determine the overall state of the economy, to assess its effectiveness.

Indicators of unemployment

    It is almost impossible to find a country in the world where there is not unemployment and Kazakhstan is not exception. The threat of unemployment is always a problem for any employee.

    To analyze the problem of unemployment is necessary; first of all, clear
determine who should be considered as unemployed. Criteria for recognition of the unemployed person are usually established by law or government documents and may vary slightly by country. But as a rule, several signs are present in all definitions. They are:

     - Working age, that is the person must be older the minimum age at which the law permits to be employed, but the younger the age at which appointed by the old-age pension.

     - The lack of a human constant source of income for some time (e.g. two months).
     - Prove human desire to find a job.

The unemployment problem is generated by a number of reasons.
At first, people are a special type of economic resource. Lostworking time irreparably, and the amount of wealth that was not produced because of unemployment today, cannot be compensated in the future. Secondly, even if the person does not work, he cannot stop consuming and he still needs to feed his family. Therefore, society is forced to seek funds for the salvation of the unemployed from starving to death. Thirdly, the rise in unemployment reduces demand for goods in the domestic market. People, who do not get paid, forced to be content with only the bare minimum means of subsistence. As a result, it impeded the sale of goods on the domestic market ("market shrinkage"). Thus, the rise in unemployment exacerbates economic problems of the country and serves as an impetus to further reduce of employment. Fourthly, unemployment aggravates the political situation in the country. The reason is the growing anger of people who have lost opportunities to support their families with dignity and spending day after day in exhausting search of work.

Types of unemployment

    Today, economists prefer to talk not about unemployment in general, but to allocate its specific types that are: friction, structural, cyclic, seasonal, voluntary.

Frictional unemployment exists even in countries experiencing rapid economic prosperity. Its reason is that workers lay off from his company or who left it on their own, it takes some time to find a new job. It should arrange person by occupation, and level of payment. Even if there are places in the labor market to find it immediately is usually not possible. Structural unemployment. Production structure cannot remain unchanged. As a result of scientific and technological progress, technological change, structure of labor demand also changes. The demand for some types of trades is reduced, and other specialties disappear at all. But there is a demand for new skills. They did not previously exist. The emergence of structural unemployment means that many people will have to learn new skills, to avoid structural unemployment is impossible. This is due to the fact that technological progress all the time creates new products, technology, and even whole industries. Cyclical unemployment is inherent in countries facing common economic downturn. In this case, the crises do not arise not in the individual but almost in all markets.

    Voluntary unemployment is caused by the fact that in any society there are people who in their psychological situation or other reason do not want to work. It also arises in cases where the employee is dismissed at his own request, if it is dissatisfied with the level of his remuneration, working conditions, or some other circumstance.
Methods of dealing with unemployment

    Various economists have offered their options to reduce the level of unemployment. The variety of types of unemployment makes the task of reducing it extremely complicated. Since there is no single way to combat the unemployment, any country has to use different methods to solve this problem.
The level of frictional unemployment can be reduced by:
1) improvement of information support of the labor market. In all countries, this function is performed by the organization on employment (labor exchanges). They collect information from employers about existing vacancies and report it to the unemployed people; 2) elimination of factors that reduce the mobility of the workforce. To do this, first of all we need:

a) to create the housing market;

b) to increase the scales of housing construction;

c) to cancel the administrative barriers to moving from one locality to another
To reduce structural unemployment helps a program of vocational rehabilitation and retraining. Such programs should lead to the working force best suited to the available jobs.

The most difficult task is to deal with cyclical unemployment. To solve this problem the most effective measures should be taken: creating the conditions for the growth of demand for goods. As the demand on the labor market is a derivative depends on the situation on the markets for goods and services, the employment will increase and unemployment will fall there if commodity markets show a greater demand and to meet it they will have to hire
additional workers.

    Some relief may bring, for example, the provision of the possibility of early retirement to workers that have not reached the retirement age yet.
Creating the conditions for the growth of self-employment. The meaning of such programs is that people are helped to start their own businesses so that they can support themselves and their families, even if they cannot find work.
    Implementation of programs to support young workers. The hardest unemployment hits the elderly and the youngest people.

Conclusion
       Based on the mentioned above, it is evident that the problem of unemployment is a key issue in a market economy, and it cannot be determined to ensure effective operation of the economy. The problem of unemployment now stands in front of Kazakhstan, which is not surprising, since the economy is now in deep crisis. Huge economic downturn, disorganized industry, could not affect the labor market.
    Not less are the social consequences of unemployment. American
experts have to admit that "unemployment” is more than an economic disaster, it is also a social disaster. Depression because of it leads to inaction, and inaction to the loss of qualification, to the loss of self-respect, the decline of moral principles, as well as to public and political disorder.