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Tlepbergen N.T., master student gr.MN-21NP
Ulakov S.N., c.e.s., professor
Karaganda Economic University of Kazpotrebsoyuz,
Kazakhstan
FEATURES OF THE KAZAKHSTAN LABOR MARKET AND MAIN
TENDENCIES OF ITS DEVELOPMENT
For creation of
conditions for sustainable economic development need of formation of especially
specific national model of employment and labor market is an indisputable fact.
The non-standard of creation of national model of employment and labor market
is caused, first of all, by a special social and economic situation in which to
be during the present period the Republic of Kazakhstan and strategy of its
development. Defining conceptual bases of formation of the Kazakhstan model of
employment and labor market it is necessary to consider, in our opinion, first
of all, the next moments:
- the theory-methodological
bases of formation of the Kazakhstan model of employment and labor market
proceeding, first of all, from the analysis of modern theories of functioning
and regulation of various market models of work and employment and the
including basic principles on their construction;
- specific
features (tendencies and regularities) functioning and regulations of labor
market and employment at the present stage;
- development
strategy, as in general republic economies, and forecast of development of
labor market and employment in particular.
- identification
and creation of the corresponding mechanisms on management of social risks and
ensuring sustainable social and economic development of the sphere of work and
employment.
Defining theory
methodological bases of formation of the Kazakhstan model of employment and
labor market, we proceed from the theoretical provisions presented by us at the
previous stage of our research and which are more profound during the present
period.
In labor market
the competition represents existence of a certain number of buyers independent
from each other and sellers of work. Than the bigger number of sellers and
buyers will be present in labor market, more it will be developed by that. Than
more in the Kazakhstan labor market the competition between employers and hired
workers will be developed, especially the equilibrium price of labor will be
objectively established.
Defining the
basic principles of creation of a national market model of work and employment,
they have to, also consider the existing situation in the field of labor supply
and demand in labor market and the main tendencies which occur on it.
In the Message of
the President N. A. Nazarbayev to the people of Kazakhstan "Social and
economic modernization – the main vector of development of Kazakhstan" is
emphasized the beginning of a new stage of the Kazakhstan way for the next
decade that means the solution of new problems of strengthening of economy and
increase of welfare of the people. In the Message need and realization of new
tasks of ten directions were designated. First of which - employment
of Kazakhstan citizens [1].
In the message of
the President of Kazakhstan to the people of Kazakhstan employment of the
population is considered as the first and main direction of social and economic
modernization, growth of a standard of living, stabilization and further
development of economy
One of the most
sore and nation-wide problems is continuous improvement of the mechanism of use
of a manpower for the purpose of increase of employment, quality of life and
decrease in unemployment rate of the population.
The market of a
manpower is a practical coincidence of the goods offered in labor market to his
owner, is more exact inseparability of the property rights to goods of labor
competences from his owner. Here we note that we adhere to that treatment on
which in the market of ore resources is on sale a money equivalent of work (but
not labor as approves a number of authors).
Feature of the
market of a manpower is characterized by bigger capacity in comparison with
concept of labor market, more exact reflection of a real situation in the
sphere of work as it isn't limited to only economically active group of the
population, and chooses both part of passive group, and teenagers, capable to
work, and pensioners.
Feature of labor
market in Kazakhstan consists that it is: 1) A general form of coordination of
demand of subjects of property for means of production, on labor and the people
having an exclusive right of the order the abilities to work on workplaces;
2) Spontaneous
regulator of territorial and branch distribution and redistribution of workers.
Prevalence of
state ownership on means of production creates prerequisites for preservation
of non-commodity mode of production. The concept of labor market is applicable
only for limited part of the relations of hiring developing in non-state
sectors of economy. These relations are connected with competition and
competitiveness between production facilities and social spheres of employment
(state, private, the mixed type) for involvement of the best experts in the
conditions of development of the commodity-money relations. They open for
workers possibility of a free choice of the sphere of the offer of work,
conditions of its payment, duration of working hours proceeding from personal
benefit. It doesn't deny need of preservation of systematic nature of formation
of considerable part of communications on reproduction of labor and material
conditions of employment in public sector of economy. It is not about
alternative of systematic regulation of processes of employment of labor market
by them; it is about their organic combination, about addition of the developed
system and forms of the organization of employment with market regulators as a
necessary link of an economic mechanism.
Recognition of
existence of labor in Kazakhstan isn't in itself the sufficient basis for the
statement about transformation of labor into goods. For this purpose, except a
personal liberty of the person and the right of the order the separation of the
worker from means of production and priority interest of the owner of these
means in their maximum use have to be the property to work. Feature of position
of the toiler in public sector, at rent and joint-stock forms of managing,
individual work as subject of property on means of production contains
prerequisites for non-commodity character of the relations concerning use of
labor... However was wrong to deny that it isn't peculiar to participation of
models in a social production alienations of ability to work on the principles of purchase and
sale at all. Possibility of the commodity relations when hiring workers
contains property on means of production [2].
Labor market of
Kazakhstan constantly evolves under the influence of political, economic and
social factors and in the development still strongly lags behind the
requirement of time. Owing to this fact in the sphere of employment, social
protection of jobless citizens many unresolved problems collected. Specifics of
labor market such is that its problems have to be in sight of politicians,
otherwise, not settled problems not only can lead to irrational use of the main
productive forces of society – work resources, loss of competitive advantages
of the country because of decrease in potential of human resources, but also to
turn back the serious social conflicts. That is why it is necessary to be
engaged in the solution of problems of employment, improving methods and forms
of the state intervention in functioning of labor market, carrying out
institutional changes, especially during increase of economic crises.
Labor market of
Kazakhstan because of the backwardness considerably differs from functioning of
the similar markets in other countries of the world. In it the negative role
was played by the difficulties which arose during transformation of a social
and political order of our state and also – realization of serious reforms in
the conditions of limitation of financial and investment resources,
insufficiency of experience of institutional registration of market
transformations, etc. Owing to these circumstances modern labor market of
Kazakhstan differs in such features as a high share of informal and shadow
employment, weak social security of the unemployed, growth of a share of the
working citizens not on specialties, small mobility of a manpower, etc. We will
give the main features of labor market of Kazakhstan:
1. In Kazakhstan
there is no main element of a market mechanism – Labour exchange that leads to
violation of the principle of functioning of labor market. The inefficiency of
the existing institutes in the solution of problems of employment grants the
right to claim that labor market of Kazakhstan isn't up to the end created and
in the development strongly lags behind the level of social and economic
development of society and market transformations. Because of it are observed
growth of disproportions between supply and demand in labor market, a
significant gap in number of occupied and number of participants of system of
social insurance that testifies to a high share of informal employment,
increase in number of the busy citizens working not in the specialty.
2. In the country
to a narrow circle of the unemployed social payments which size is insufficient
for providing the minimum vital standards are appointed. Because of it most of
the unemployed, on the one hand, have weak social security, and, on the other
hand, have very low motivation in visit of employment services as don't wait
from them for real material and moral support. Owing to the specified reasons
overall performance of public services of employment has low level.
3. Absence of
Labour exchange complicates work on maintaining the accounting of the
unemployed. Attempts to adjust system of registration of the unemployed through
the existing public services of employment didn't yield due result in view of
the reasons listed in point. Therefore in the country the number of the
unemployed is defined not by inundated registration of each citizen who is
looking for work as it is accepted in world practice, and by efforts of
statisticians of the country – a settlement way, using the residual principle.
It is known that statistical approach allows big errors, and for this reason
more precisely to define real number of the unemployed in the country it isn't
possible. On the other hand, when determining number of the unemployed if to
depart from the principle of inundated registration, there are temptations for
a manipulation statistics depending on change of a political environment in the
country.
4. Indicators of
employment and unemployment don't differ in high reliability. Low-quality data
on number of the unemployed don't allow to take adequate measures for the
solution of problems of employment, retraining and optimum territorial
placement of a manpower and, in general, reduce efficiency of the programs for
employment increase realized by the state. In the conditions of insufficiency
and unreliability of statistical data to trace influence of the majority of the
program actions for improvement of a situation accepted by the state in labor
market and on economy in general becomes unattainable.
5. The Kazakhstan
labor market is formed in the conditions of lack of the mechanism of
self-adjustment of the market relations. Really, with one of the parties,
because of underdevelopment of institutes of labor market the most important
element of its self-adjustment – the price of labor doesn't execute the main
functions, i.e. isn't able to have impact on level of demand and offers in
labor market, and also on their equilibrium situation. On the other hand, in
many branches and sectors of economy the level of a salary is insufficient for
performance of reproduction functions, i.e. doesn't allow to reproduce normally
labor and to improve living conditions of the worker (payment of the apartment,
food, clothes, etc.), and also to raise and raise children, future manpower. It
is known that if the salary on a primary place of employment doesn't provide to
the worker and members of his family normal reproduction, there is an objective
need for sources of the additional income.
6. Overtime work
or work in several fields lead to exhaustion of labor potential, decrease in
professionalism, deterioration of labor and production discipline, etc. Level
and structure of expenses on reproduction of labor differ around the world and
depend, first of all, on the level of social and economic development of the
state, climatic conditions and other features of the country. Today's level of
compensation doesn't correspond to a level of development of our society and
doesn't stimulate a material interest of workers in results of work.
7. A manpower of
Kazakhstan isn't mobile. Now in several regions of the country reduction of
number of the population and a manpower is observed. Long-term demographic
forecasts predict a further aggravation of a situation in labor market in six
regions, border with Russia, as a result of reduction of population from 10 to
20 percent by 2030. In the developing demographic conditions mobility of a
manpower becomes one of the most important conditions of rational use of
limited resources of society by its movement from the hard producing of regions
to advantage the highly deficiency of regions that, eventually, can lead to a
sustainable development of national economy. Mobility of a manpower is
characterized by real possibility of workers and their families to move to
other district where they can conclude more favorable offer on hiring.
Interregional mobility is in Kazakhstan at a low level owing to what the level
of interregional differentiation of the income doesn't change from year to
year. At the current rates of alignment distinction of level of social and
economic development of the population in regions can become aggravated
further, creating threat to economic and political unity of the state.
The main reasons
for low mobility are partly connected with mentality and territorial
dissociation of the population, and also, in the defining degree, caused by the
level of social and economic development of society, backwardness of transport
infrastructure of the country, the low income of the population, backwardness
of the market of rent housing and mortgage lending, moreover, absence complete
state migration policy. Ensuring interregional mobility of the population will
promote distribution of new knowledge, experience, technologies and will have
positive impact on an innovative orientation of economy and public
reproduction.
8. Formation of
labor market happens in the conditions of improvement of qualitative
characteristics of a manpower. For years of independence the number of the
experts who got an education in the best western HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS
of the world considerably increased, the increase in a share of the people who
passed through higher steps of educational system (a magistracy, doctor's,
postdoctor's programs) however is observed the number of the people getting an
education on working specialties decreases. Because of it the distortion in
training of specialists with the higher education is observed and the
shortcoming of experts of working professions is felt.
In the country
for years of independence it isn't conducted any special examination on
studying of need of potential employers for personnel in a section of
professions and qualifications with use of the modern quantitative and
qualitative methods of research conforming to the international standards. The
weak infrastructure of labor market and lack of reliable information about
needs of branches of economy for shots by professions reduce efficiency of the
events for distribution of the state order for training of specialists held in
the area of MAUN RK. Because of it many employers can't find suitable shots,
and more than 30% of the busy population in the country work not in the
specialty that testifies to bad organization of labor market. Besides, the
policy of employment is pursued without special studying of problems of
separate target groups, such as the long unemployed; city and rural unemployed;
unemployed of pre-retirement age; jobless disabled people; jobless mothers
having many children; the persons for the first time entering the labor
relations; orphan children; children without parental support, aged from 18
till 29 years, etc. In general, all told reduces addressing and efficiency of
actions for improvement of employment in the country.
Now system work
on improvement of infrastructure of labor market and the standard and legal
environment of their functioning, adequate specifics of market system of
managing taking into account the international experience is again begun. When
carrying out the planned actions there is an objective need for detailed
studying of the listed above and other features of labor market for the correct
structuring the existing problems of employment and unemployment. Only
such system work can promote the consecutive solution of the collected problems
and formation of the new market model of work meeting modern requirements of
our society [3].
Today the need
for highly qualified specialists is felt most sharply as well as need for
high-quality selection and performance appraisal, is noted decrease in level of
the higher education, shortage of experts of secondary technical education.
As reports a
press – the service Ministry of Labour and Social Protection of the Population,
measures for elimination of an imbalance in labor market will include: creation
of additional workplaces, attraction of investments, business development,
correction of a state order for training, actions within "The program of
employment - 2020" and programs of development of territories, and also
carrying out rational migration policy.
From the point of
view of professional selection KR can study and apply the American experience
where the employer purposefully is engaged in search of talented experts in
universities, this method works only on condition that universities really give
quality education. In the conditions of KR such mechanism would work only in
relation to several "elite" educational institutions. This problem
can be solved in two ways: or to put in formation of own shots, to develop and
train them in the necessary direction, or to invite already ready experts. But
in this process of difficulty consist in an assessment of these experts
therefore such methods as performance appraisal are applied that is connected
with an assessment of competence of the personnel, research it is personal –
behavioural features of employees or applicants for these or those leading
positions.
In Kazakhstan
various techniques are applied: test techniques and questionnaires which found
active application at the solution of personnel tasks. Many of these techniques
don't conform to new standards as demand a lot of time for filling and are
rather difficult.
Introduction of
modern techniques of high-quality selection and performance appraisal will play
a significant role in change of the relation to work with human resources that
is actual in anticipation of the entry of Kazakhstan into the World Trade
Organization.
Literatura
1. Poslanie Prezidenta Respubliki
Kazahstan N.Nazarbaeva narodu Kazahstana. 17 janvarja “Kazahstanskij pur – 2050
Edinaja cel, edinye interesy, edinoe budushhee”.
2. Programma “Zanjatost – 2020” ot
15.02.2011g.
3. Strategicheskij plan Ministerstva
truda I social`noj zashhity naselenija Respubliki Kazahstan na 2010-2014 gody.