Kakulya
Zh. M. (Master’s Degree Student), Nesterik
E. V. (Cand.Sc. Philology)
Karaganda
State University named after E. A. Buketov, Kazakhstan
The scientific style is a functional stylistic kind of the literary
language which serves various branches of science (exact, natural sciences,
humanities, etc.), the field of engineering and production and is implemented
in genres of a monograph, a scientific article, a summary, a paper, a thesis, a
scientific report, a lecture, a report on scientific subjects, a review, as
well as in educational and scientific and technical literature, etc. The most
important problem of the scientific style of speech is to explain the reasons of
phenomena, to report, to describe essential signs, properties of a subject of
scientific knowledge.
The main form of implementation of the scientific style is written
speech, though with increasing the role of science in various fields of
activity, expansion of scientific contacts, development of mass media there
increases the role of oral form of communication with the use of scientific
style.
The main communicative task of communication in the scientific sphere is
expressing scientific concepts and conclusions. The thinking in this field of
activity has a generalized, abstracted, logical character. It causes such
peculiar features of the scientific style as abstractness, generality,
emphasized logicality of a statement, and the secondary ones, more private,
style lines: semantic accuracy (unambiguity of the thought expression),
informative saturation, objectivity of a statement, absence of figurativeness
and emotionality. Generality and abstractness of the scientific prose language
are dictated by specifics of scientific thinking. Science treats about
concepts, expresses an abstract thought therefore its language is deprived of
concreteness. In this regard it is opposed to the fiction language.
Lexical means of the scientific
style
The main feature of the language means organization in the scientific
style is their generalized-and-abstract character at the lexical and
grammatical levels of the language system that gives to the scientific speech a
uniform functional and stylistic coloring. The vocabulary of the scientific
speech is made by three main layers: common words, general scientific words and
terms.
Words of common language which most often occur in scientific texts
belong to the common vocabulary. Depending on the structure of readers the
share of the common vocabulary changes: it decreases in the works intended for
experts and increases in the genres turned to wide audience. Common words in
the scientific style are used in their nominative meaning that permits to
designate the essence of a concept or a phenomenon objectively. However in the
concrete scientific text they can change their semantics.
The general scientific vocabulary is the second considerable layer of
the scientific speech. It is already a part of the language of science, i.e.
the language of describing scientific
objects and phenomena. By means of general scientific words the phenomena and
processes in different areas of science and equipment are described. These
words are assigned to certain concepts, but they are not terms, though they
have a terminological character, for example: an operation, a task, a
phenomenon, a process, to absorb, an abstract, acceleration, a size, a
function, a value, an element, a result, a consequence, an analysis, a
synthesis, a system, to be based, universal, etc.
Of the scientific style it is characteristic a wide use of the abstract
vocabulary prevailing over the concrete: evaporation, freezing, pressure,
thinking, reflection, radiation, zero gravity, acidity, convertibility, etc. In
the distracted and generalized meanings there are used not only words with
abstract semantics, but also words designating concrete subjects out of the
scientific style. The general-and-abstract character of speech is emphasized
also by the use of special words of such a type: usually, ordinary, always,
constantly, systematically, regularly, everyone, any, everybody.
Since in the field of science and engineering there is required the most
exact definition of concepts and phenomena of reality reflecting the accuracy
and objectivity of scientific truth and judgments, a specific feature of the
scientific style vocabulary is using terms.
A term (from Latin terminus: 'border, limit') is a word or a phrase
which is the name of a special concept of any sphere of production, science or
art. Each branch of science has its terminology united in one term system
(medical, mathematical, physical, philosophical, linguistic, literary, etc.
terminology). In this system a term strives for unambiguity, it does not
express expression and is stylistically neutral. The lexical meaning of a term
corresponds to the concept developed in this field of science. The terms which
are a part of several term systems and in a concrete text are used in one
meaning, are characteristic of a certain terminological system.
Phraseological means of the
scientific style
Phraseological combinations of the scientific style are also
characterized by their features. Here there are used common-literary,
interstyle steady constructions. Unlike other types of phrases terminological
phrases lose figurativeness and have no synonyms.
t is possible to refer to the scientific style phraseology different
speech clichés, such as: represent, includes, consists of..., it is
applied in (for)..., consists in..., belongs to..., etc.
There are not used in the scientific style words and established
collocations phrases with emotional and expressional and colloquial coloring,
as well as words of the limited sphere of use (archaisms, jargons,
dialecticisms, etc.).
Syntactical means of the scientific
style
The aspiration to information saturation causes the selection of the
most capacious and compact syntactic constructions. In the scientific style
there prevail simple extended and complex sentences. Among the first the most
common are indefinite-personal with a direct object at the beginning of the
sentence that are synonymous to passive constructions.
The scientific speech abstractness and generality at the syntactic level
is expressed first of all in a wide use of passive constructions. The use of
nominative sentences in scientific texts is quite limited. They are used
usually in headings, formulations of points of the plan. The rate of using
these or those types of compound sentences is defined by such a peculiar
feature of the scientific speech, as logicality. Among complex sentences in the
scientific speech there prevail compound and complex ones with an accurately
expressed syntactic link between separate parts. The prevalence of syndetic
sentences over asyndetic ones is explained by that when using conjunctions the
link between the parts of a compound sentence is expressed more precisely,
unambiguously. From syndetic sentences the most common are complex as in
subordination the relationship between separate provisions are expressed more accurately.
The most widespread and typical type of communication for the scientific
speech there is the repetition of
nouns, often in combination with demonstrative pronouns this, that, such: In
modern grammatical science there are used various ways of a description of the
language grammatical system. In these descriptions there are realized
different, very dissimilar concepts...
The need for an accurate logical structure of the scientific speech
causes a wide use in the linking function of adverbs, adverbial expressions, as
well as the other parts of speech and combinations of words: therefore,
therefore, at first, then, in summary, so, thus, at last, moreover, etc. They,
as a rule, stand at the beginning of the sentence and serve for association of
the text parts that are logically closely connected with each other.
In scientific texts representing a reasoning or a statement of
conclusions, generalizations, decisions there are frequently used parentheses
or phrases expressing relations between the statement parts. Sentences are
often complicated by participial and verbal adverb phrases, inserted
constructions, specifying members, isolated constructions.
Diversity and genres of the
scientific styles
|
Diversity of the
scientific style of speech (substyles) |
Genres, types of texts |
|
Proper scientific |
Monograph, paper,
report, term work, graduation work, dissertation |
|
Scientific-technical (production-technical) |
Scientific-technical
report, technical description, design documentation |
|
Scientific-informative |
Summary, abstract,
notes, patent description, review |
|
Scientific-reference |
Dictionary,
reference-book, catalog |
|
Academic |
Textbook,
methodological aids, lecture, notes, abstract |
|
Science-education |
Essay, book, lecture,
paper |
Scientific texts of various genres are constructed according to the
uniform logical scheme. In the basis of this scheme there is the main thesis: a
statement requiring justification; the thesis includes a subject of speech
(what is said in the text of) and the main analyzed sign (what is said of this
subject). The proofs of the main thesis are arguments (arguments, bases
referred to as a proof) which quantity depends on the genre and the volume of
the scientific text. For a more complete argumentation of the thesis there are
needed illustrations: examples confirming the put-forward theoretical
provisions. The scientific style text comes to the end with the conclusion
(summary) which contains an analytical assessment of the carried out studies,
there are outlined the prospects of further studies.
Литература
1. Стилистика и культуры речи: Учеб. Пособие /
Т.П. Плещенко, Н.В. Федотова, Р.Г. Чечет; под ред. П.П. Шубы. — Мн.:
«ТетраСистемс», 2001.
2.Солганик Г.Я. Стилистика текста: Учебное пособие. - М.: Флинта,
Наука, 1997.
3. Голуб И.Б. Русский язык и культура речи.
Учебное пособие. - М.: Логос, 2002.