ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ УПРАВЛЕНИЕ/ 2.Современные технологии
управления.
Zhanbekova Z.Kh. c.e.s., Associate Professor
Karaganda economic University Kazpotrebsoyuz, Kazakhstan
STATE SUPPORT AND MEASURES TO
ENSURE FOOD SECURITY IN KAZAKHSTAN
One of the most important areas of implementation
of the concept of economic development of any country is the problem of food
security, which includes guaranteeing a stable food supply, as well as the
maintenance of agricultural production to ensure food sovereignty.
Food safety is an integral part of the national
security of the country, as no state can achieve national, including economic
security, is not satisfied in the first place people's needs for quality food.
In international practice, there are two main
indicators of food security: first - is the amount of carry-over stocks of
grain in the world, remain in storage until the next harvest harvesting;
secondly - grain production level per capita.
The threshold value of the first indicator of the stock is considered to be
equal to 60 days or 17% of annual world consumption [1]. Reduction of stocks
below this level leads to a sharp increase in world prices for grain, to the
destabilization of the world grain market, deterioration of global market
conditions for importing countries and, indirectly, the destabilization of
other product markets [2]. In Kazakhstan, the volume of carry-over stocks of
grain set at 90 days, which corresponds to 25% of annual consumption. In
establishing the criteria for the status of national food security must be
taken into account that they have to characterize the level of satisfaction of
the population's needs for food, as well as the sustainability of food security
of the country.
To assess the level of food security of the population it is expedient in
the opinion of many scientists and economists use the following criteria:
- Production of 80-85% of the total domestic food producers;
- Population of food consumption with an optimal level of calories (2353
kcal per day) [3];
- Ensuring the rational structure of power and the complete satisfaction of
the population's needs in accordance with the rules of physiologically
justified;
- Match the quality of
food products with the technical regulations;
- Generated through the creation of an insurance reserve of food at 25% of
the annual volume of food consumption;
- There is a real possibility to meet nutritional needs, not produced
domestically, or produced in insufficient quantities, by imports;
- Per capita production
of at least one ton of grain.
In assessing the food security situation it is
advisable to use the norms that regulate two normative levels of nutrition: an
adequate used for socio-economic calculations in normal conditions and the
minimum required to be used to guarantee the maintenance of the population in
emergency food situations. In case of
exceeding the threshold values of the above criteria is achieved
by providing a threshold level.
The minimum required
level of availability of food corresponds to the food component "consumer
basket", ie a set of forty-three staple foods, defined on the basis of
annual rates of consumption necessary for men of working age, and
differentiated by gender and age.
Food security is characterized by physical
access to food, economic access to food and quality of food.
Evaluation of physical access to food is carried out by comparing the level
of the actual volumes of consumption of country food consumption standards,
which are mainly used to develop the Kazakh Academy of Nutrition minimum
standards for food consumption, based on the recommended level of consumption
of the average inhabitant of the country. Analyzing the consumption of the
population of the Republic of Kazakhstan for the period 2010-2015, it should be
noted that only two of the ten most important food products had an excess
consumption standards, indicating the presence in the country serious problems
with food security.
In solving the problem of ensuring
national food security serious attention should be paid to the country's
self-sufficiency main types of food, that is, address the need for them
primarily through domestic supplies with minimal dependence on foreign trade.
When analyzing the capacity of the domestic food market of the Republic of
Kazakhstan can be observe the following picture: the degree of availability of
effective demand for domestic production of canned meat - 51.5%, sausage
products - 62, condensed milk and cream - 20.6, dry milk - 44,5, butter - 66.4,
cheese - 44.5, dairy products - 77.2, sugar - 69.7, confectionery products -
45%, juice - 68.5, canned tomato - 46.3, canned fruit and vegetables - less
than 10%.
Internal flour market is fully provided by domestic production.
Economic access to food is defined as the
possibility of acquiring a population of food products under the existing level
of prices and incomes in the amounts set forth in the minimum consumer basket.
The country is considered to be secure in terms
of food safety, where the proportion of people suffering from hunger is very
low (less than 5 percent). In the case where the level of food deprivation
(food calorie level), one of the food safety monitoring indicators, more than
35 percent of the country there is a problem of struggle against hunger.
During the period from 2009 to 2014 the proportion of the population of the
Republic of Kazakhstan of dietary energy consumption is below the minimum
level, decreased by 5.2 times and amounted to 3% [3]. Thus, at the present time
the problem of hunger is not topical for Kazakhstan, which is among the countries
with very low levels of food deprivation.
According to the FAO
methodology, consumption inequality is measured by a coefficient of variation
of the energy value of food consumption.
According to the FAO methodology, consumption inequality is measured by a
coefficient of variation of the energy value of food consumption. This figure
consists of two main components: the first reflects the inequality of food
consumption due to income, the second - the inequality associated with
biological factors (age and weight of household members).
A high coefficient of variation (30) the uneven distribution of energy
among the population manifested primarily by income (or expense). A low value
(about 20) is mainly due to non-uniformity of biological factors.
World experience shows that food safety problems arise, in particular,
because of the lack of development of their own agricultural production states,
the low level of economic development of the country: the population is not
available on the food prices at which it reaches the market. According
Energyprom.kz retail food prices in general rose by 12.7%. [4]
Currently, Kazakhstan has problems with food security, because of the nine
indicators of positive values achieved only by four (the amount
of carry-over stocks of grain, grain production per capita, proportion of the
population, dietary energy below minimum level, the average calorie daily diet
nutrition).
According to academic economists as a
recommendation proposes the following set of measures concerning the elimination
of internal and external threats to national food security:
- improving the system of economic relations in the sphere of production,
purchasing, primary and deep processing, storage, transportation and sale of
agricultural products;
- encouraging small-scale agribusiness enterprises transition to
specialized medium and of large-scale production, as well as the transfer of
livestock and crop production on an industrial scale;
- An optimal combination of state and market regulation of prices of agricultural
products with the aim of revitalizing the demand of the population and improve
the competitiveness of domestic food in the domestic and foreign markets;
- Flexible taxation of farmers, the provision of tax benefits to those
producers who have invested in the development of priority sectors and
products, or to adhere to the principle of sustainable development of
production in compliance with environmental regulations;
- Creation of a common
food market of the CIS countries with the phasing out of customs duties and
charges and the harmonization of pricing policy;
- Setting the size of railway tariffs for transit of goods through the
territory of the CIS countries in order to increase grain export potential of
the Republic of Kazakhstan;
- Modernization and technical re-equipment of enterprises of the processing
industry, the introduction of advanced technology and quality management
systems (ISO 9000, ISO 14000);
- Stimulating imports:
a) machinery and equipment intended for companies producing means of
production for agricultural enterprises;
b) sets of production facilities for the manufacture of advanced industrial
and agro-processing technologies;в) племенных животных высокопродуктивных пород и семян высокоурожайных и высокобелковых культур;
g) patents and licenses that promote indigenous scientific and technical
re-equipment of AIC branches;
- Increasing the investment attractiveness of agriculture, the introduction
of tax and other benefits that will contribute to the re-equipment of material
and technical base of agrarian and industrial complex, the formation of smooth
system of production, collection and processing of agricultural products,
deliver it to processors and end users;
- Development of the system of leasing of equipment for the processing
industry;
- Selective state
support of efficient production, import substitution and have export potential;
- Consistent implementation of the policy of import substitution, the
saturation of the domestic market a wide range of high-quality and competitive
products of domestic production, the reduction of the import of the food that
can be produced in Kazakhstan;
- Regulation of exports
and imports on the basic strategic types of food: grain, meat, milk;
- The effective use of the potential of different soil and climatic and
economic areas of the country in view of the deepening of specialization and
creation on this basis specialized food zones;
- Implementation of
targeted programs for the rehabilitation and development of industries such as
the production of sugar beet, oilseed, oil, meat, milk and baby food;
- Rational distribution throughout the country enterprises for the
processing of raw materials and agricultural products as close to their place
of production, the expansion of the practice of the construction companies,
workshops and productions directly to households;
- Optimization of
production facilities pererabaty processing industry;
- A departure from the existing practice of regulating the grain market as
a whole with the transition to the regulation of production and sale of each
type of cereal, by setting priorities and priorities for use of available
resources;
- Development and
implementation of "green revolution" in agriculture mechanism,
providing:
a. the introduction of new high-yielding crop varieties
of domestic and foreign selection with a view to a sharp increase in food
resources;
b. mechanization and chemicals used in agriculture;
c. Drainage and irrigation of land;
d. Restoration of fertility of degraded soils with humus
content violated;
e.
promotion of ecological and economic
farming systems; - Creation of conditions and activation processes domestic
food output to foreign markets, encouraging exports of grain and products of
its processing;
f. Protection of the Republic of substandard food by
improving the work of the standardization and certification of services and
products to develop state standards for basic foodstuffs in order to harmonize
the system with international standards;
g. Improving the
agribusiness infrastructure, in particular, the establishment of large and
medium cities, municipal wholesale food markets; - Preferential loans for the
construction of the food market infrastructure and transport routes,
subsidizing the tariffs for the supply of food from other regions;
h. The creation of an extensive network of procurement centers in all rural settlements of the republic, remote areas and distant areas with a high concentration of agricultural raw materials;
i. Stabilization of the food market by providing purchasing and commodity interventions;
j. Development of exchange trading system of food; - Improving the personnel system, scientific, legal and information support of agricultural enterprises; - Monitoring the food market and food security of Kazakhstan, the creation of mechanisms of public control of expediency of import and qualitative characteristics of imported food. [6]
REFERENCES1. Khromov, YS food security problems of Russia: international and domestic aspects / YS Khromov. - M .: RISR - 252.
2. Eltcova, O. Food Market in Kazakhstan: A guide for entrepreneurs, teachers, students / O. Eltcova, G. Mjaken'kaja, Yu Sinyavsky, etc .; Ed. O. Eltsova. - Almaty Institute of Economical. Research, 1999. - 292 p.
3. Evaluation of food security of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the basis of the assessment of living standards of household survey data in 2009 and 2014. - Almaty: Kazakhstan Agency of Statistics, 2015. - 21 p.
4. www.Energyprom.kz
5. The State of Food Insecurity in the world [electronic resource]. - Access: htpp: // www.fao.org> publications / sofi / ru
6. Evaluation of food security: Targeted concepts and indicators for the adoption of constructive solutions [electronic resource]. - Mode of access: http: www.fao.org/cfs/cfs-home/cfsroundtable1/ru