Sh.K.
Тuleubayeva, R. Kovrezhkin
1Senior teacher, master, 2student
Buketov
Karaganda State University, Karaganda
Alternative energy resources
Human life is unthinkable without energy. People usually use fossil
fuels as energy resources: coal, gas, oil. However, as it is known, their
reserves in nature are limited. And sooner or later the day will come when they
run out. The question "what should we do when the energy crisis will come?"
has the answer: it is necessary to look for other resources of energy: alternative,
non-conventional, renewable. All kinds of solar radiation devices use solar
energy as an alternative energy resource. Solar radiation can be used for the
needs of district heating and to generate electricity (using photovoltaic
cells). The advantages of solar energy include the renewability of this energy
resource, noiseless, the absence of harmful emissions into the atmosphere
during processing of solar radiation into other forms of energy. The
disadvantages of solar energy is dependence on the intensity of solar radiation
and daily and seasonal rhythms, and the need for large areas for the
construction of solar power plants. Also a serious environmental problem is
using photovoltaic cells which contain poisonous and toxic substances that create
a problem of their disposal.
Homeowners are interested in alternative energy sources because solar
power is cheap. But the mass introduction of devices working on the Sun light is
constrained by high cost of equipment and the complexity of its selection and
installation. Building a home solar power requires: to get acquainted with the
principles of the scheme; determine the objectives of the equipment; choose the
most suitable packaging station; conduct mechanical installation of all the
elements; collection electric circuit; check availability and intelligently
exploit.
Many practical
experiments allow us to recommend a universal scheme for solving problems of
using solar power for the home.
The structure of a
typical household power circuit with solar cell include: solar module based on
the individual photocells; controller; storage batteries of electric energy;
inverter.
It should be a
good understanding that the role of solar battery is to charge accumulators of
the scheme that receive electricity from the solar modules, accumulate and
transmit it to consumers.
The issue of
creating a home station should begin with a definition of its load. For this
purpose it is necessary to analyze all the users that will be working on solar
energy. They are divided into two main classes: 1. The devices operating on AC
220 V; 2. radio-electronic and computer equipment, which operates from DC 12 /
24V voltage.
Electric
refrigerators, washing machines, vacuum cleaners and other devices operate only
on the supply ~ 220V / 50Hz. They have to be connected through the device,
which generates sinusoidal harmonic with the necessary characteristics. This
device is called an inverter.
Output capacity of
inverter should ensure reliable operation of the connected consumers and even
have a small margin.
The transition to
using of solar power in the home should be combined with the replacement of the
lighting network devices. The light bulbs should be immediately abandoned, or
at least switch to energy-saving lamps, operating on the voltage = 24 / 12V.
This eliminates the unnecessary wasting of energy, because they, like the rest
of radio-electronic and computer equipment, can be powered directly from the DC
power storage batteries.
It is needlessly
to burden our construction by the unnecessary devices that would just warming
surrounding air. The power supply circuit of each domestic helper should be
well thought out and in this way should be simplified. This will require very
little cost: cord cuts; standard adapters.
When we defined
with the task of the batteries, we can select solar modules. The modern
production produces a large range of different modules. They have different
characteristics and opportunities.
Solar modules
must: correspond to a storage battery by output voltage; have a capacity to give a nominal
charging current to the battery. There is another device in this scheme that is
the controller. It works like a mediator between solar panels and a cumulative
battery The only task of the controller is to recharge storage batteries up to
14 ÷ 14.5 V. It does it in different ways and it works intermittently: at high solar activity; when it is no
power consumption (batteries do not feed or do not need charge); low battery
capacity when they can not cope with the load and the energy comes from solar
module.
MTTP controller
fully charges the battery. This is the most reliable, but the most expensive
construction. Other models, especially the On / Off development, can be
replaced by the power diode. He will not let the current to flow from the
battery to the solar battery, prevent their discharge in the night.
In this method
solar power station should not be left without load for a long time: the
batteries will be recharged without any restrictions, and we need to ensure a
balance between the charge and energy consumption.
In this case, you
can exclude part of the solar cell from working or redirect it to a constant
load: ventilation, heating, lighting.
Using a diode with
the rejection of the controller reduces the cost of the scheme, but it requires
more careful monitoring and make manual adjustments to the work. All the
elements of a home solar power schemes works in the complex, and therefore
should be well matched and balanced between themselves and consumers.
References:
1. Sibikin Y.D.,
Sibikin М.Y. Power Saving Technology: Manual – 2-nd issue.-
Moscow: «Forum», 2015
2. Kashkarov А.P. Wind turbines, solar panels and other useful
devices. –